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<head>acetylcholinesterase</head> Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages. A complex chemical, usually a protein, that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes Cholinesterase (602 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human BCHE gene. This protein plays a role in choline metabolism. enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the cleavage of the acyl group from various esters of choline, including acetylcholine, and some related compounds the enzyme occurs primarily in the serum, liver, and pancreas determination of enzyme activity is used to test liver function, succinylcholine sensitivity, and whether organophosphate insecticide poisoning has occurred. A family of enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylic esters. Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS. A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. Molecules that catalyze a chemical reaction. They are usually proteins, although catalytic RNA and DNA molecules have been identified. protein molecules that possess catalytic activity; they may occur naturally or be synthetically created; for catalytic RNA use RIBOZYME. Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified. Encoded by Esterase Genes, Esterases catalyze hydrolysis of ester bonds to produce alcohol and acid reaction products. (NCI) Dye and chemical solution stains for medical purposes are mixtures of synthetic or natural dyes or nondye chemicals in solutions used in staining cells and tissues for diagnostic histopathology, cytopathology, or hematology. any of various enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an ester to produce an alcohol and an acid. Lipoprotein lipase (475 aa, ~53 kDa) is encoded by the human LPL gene. This protein is involved in the metabolism of triglycerides. An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion it occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5. Lipase; an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. non-EC general term; note that individual lipid hydrolases have not been treed under this term. An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. Cholinesterase (602 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human BCHE gene. This protein plays a role in choline metabolism. enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the cleavage of the acyl group from various esters of choline, including acetylcholine, and some related compounds the enzyme occurs primarily in the serum, liver, and pancreas determination of enzyme activity is used to test liver function, succinylcholine sensitivity, and whether organophosphate insecticide poisoning has occurred. Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES. Various types of calcium-dependent or -independent Phospholipases A2 hydrolyze phospholipids. Group I, II, and III phospholipases are secreted, while group IV phospholipases are cytosolic. The best characterized phospholipases are group II. (NCI) acts on esters of sterols and long chain fatty acids may bring about esterification of sterols activated by bile salts. An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion. An aspect of cholinesterases. An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). Cholinesterase (602 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human BCHE gene. This protein plays a role in choline metabolism. enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the cleavage of the acyl group from various esters of choline, including acetylcholine, and some related compounds the enzyme occurs primarily in the serum, liver, and pancreas determination of enzyme activity is used to test liver function, succinylcholine sensitivity, and whether organophosphate insecticide poisoning has occurred. A family of enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylic esters. Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS. Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion. Encoded by Esterase Genes, Esterases catalyze hydrolysis of ester bonds to produce alcohol and acid reaction products. (NCI) Dye and chemical solution stains for medical purposes are mixtures of synthetic or natural dyes or nondye chemicals in solutions used in staining cells and tissues for diagnostic histopathology, cytopathology, or hematology. any of various enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an ester to produce an alcohol and an acid. A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. A chemical made by some types of nerve cells. It is used to send messages to other cells, including other nerve cells, muscle cells, and gland cells. It is released from the nerve ending and carries signals to cells on the other side of a synapse (space between nerve cells and other cells). Acetylcholine helps control memory and the action of certain muscles. It is a type of neurotransmitter. neurotransmitter; in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). The determination of the amount of acetylcholinesterase present in a sample. A measurement of the acetylcholinesterase in a biological specimen. an enzyme an enzyme an enzyme An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase (substance) choline esterase i erythrocyte cholinesterase acetylcholine acetylhydrolase acetylcholine hydrolase ace - acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase hydrolase, acetylcholine acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase choline esterase i ache - acetylcholine esterase erythrocyte cholinesterase acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase acetylcholine hydrolase true cholinesterase acetylcholinesterase [chemical/ingredient] acetylcholine acetylhydrolase acetylcholinesterase acetylcholine hydrolase ache red blood cell cholinesterase acetylcholine esterase rbc - red blood cell cholinesterase acetylcholinesterases acetylcholine acetylhydrolase
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<head>angiotensin converting enzyme</head> Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages. A complex chemical, usually a protein, that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes A biologically active substance whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. blood pressure, fluid volume, and sodium balance regulating system of interacting components that include renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin I and II, and angiotensinase. A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM. A subclass of exopeptidases that includes enzymes which cleave either two or three AMINO ACIDS from the end of a peptide chain. A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. Molecules that catalyze a chemical reaction. They are usually proteins, although catalytic RNA and DNA molecules have been identified. protein molecules that possess catalytic activity; they may occur naturally or be synthetically created; for catalytic RNA use RIBOZYME. Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified. A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the interior of a polypeptide chain or protein molecule. nonEC category which corresponds to EC 3.4.21, EC 3.4.22, EC 3.4.23, EC 3.4.24, and EC 3.4.99. A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS. Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue. Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation. differentiation antigens (markers) of lymphocyte subsets on cell membrane which are defined by monoclonal antibodies. Expressed in liver by human AGT Gene (Serpin Family), secreted 485-aa 53-kDa Angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin (in response to lowered blood pressure) to inactive decapeptide Angiotensin I, which is cleaved by ACE to generate active octapeptide vasopressor Angiotensin II (maintains blood pressure and regulates the volume and mineral balance of body fluids). Angiotensin II is cleaved to Angiotensin III heptapeptide, an aldosterone stimulant. angiotensin I, an inactive decapeptide, is cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme to form the octapeptide angiotensin II, a powerful vasopressor, which is then cleaved to the heptapeptide angiotensin III, an aldosterone stimulant. Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized. an enzyme released by the kidneys that helps regulate blood pressure an enzyme released by the kidneys that helps regulate blood pressure Renin (406 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human REN gene. This protein plays a role in activation of angiotensin. do not confuse with "rennin" which is another name for CHYMOSIN, EC 3.4.23.4. A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19. MUC-1 antigen is a mammary-type apomucin, a high molecular weight transmembrane glycoprotein, of which the extracellular domain is formed by a repeating 20 amino acid sequence (in tandem) with a high content of serine and threonine on which are O-linked carbohydrate chains. MUC-1 synthesis and secretion are features of glandular epithelial tissues; MUC-1 is overexpressed in lactating breast and in breast, ovary, lung, and prostate malignancies. A substance found on certain epithelial cells (cells that cover organs, glands, and other body surfaces) and on breast cells involved in making milk. It is also found on tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate. MUC-1 is a type of tumor marker. Carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. The mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. It is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer. MUC-1 antigen is a mammary-type apomucin, a high molecular weight transmembrane glycoprotein, of which the extracellular domain is formed by a repeating 20 amino acid sequence (in tandem) with a high content of serine and threonine on which are O-linked carbohydrate chains. MUC-1 synthesis and secretion are features of glandular epithelial tissues, and is overexpressed in lactating breast and in breast, ovary, lung, and prostate malignancies. Check for "http An extracellular receptor specific for UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. It is attached to the cell membrane via a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE and plays a role in the co-localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with PLASMINOGEN. High affinity cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Plays a role in plasminogen activation by facilitating the conversion of uPA to an enzymatically active form anchored to the cell membrane, where plasminogen activation occurs. Affects tissue remodeling (surface proteolysis, cell adhesion, cell migration), and cancer invasion. A 46-kD stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It has specificity for VIRAL HEMAGGLUTININS that are expressed on infected cells. A 30 kDa stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 (201 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the human NCR3 gene. This protein plays a role in natural killer cell function. A 44-kD stimulatory receptor found on activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It has specificity for VIRAL HEMAGGLUTININS that are expressed on infected cells. A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that includes both inhibitory and stimulatory members. An activating NK cell lectin-like receptor subfamily that regulates immune responses to INFECTION and NEOPLASMS. Members of this subfamily generally occur as homodimers. A papain-like cysteine protease that has specificity for amino terminal dipeptides. The enzyme plays a role in the activation of several pro-inflammatory serine proteases by removal of their aminoterminal inhibitory dipeptides. Genetic mutations that cause loss of cathepsin C activity in humans are associated with PAPILLON-LEFEVRE DISEASE. A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma. A lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein that is expressed at high levels in mature DENDRITIC CELLS. Ubiquitously-expressed tetraspanin proteins that are found in late ENDOSOMES and LYSOSOMES and have been implicated in intracellular transport of proteins. Tetraspanin proteins found associated with LAMININ-binding INTEGRINS. The CD151 antigens may play a role in the regulation of CELL MOTILITY. CD151 antigen (253 aa, ~28 kDa) is encoded by the human CD151 gene. This protein plays a role in both cell adhesion and signal transduction. Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES. CD81 antigen (236 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human CD81 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of the immune response and can promote Hepatitis C infection by binding to viral envelope proteins.. A subtype of tetraspanin proteins that play a role in cell adhesion, cell motility, and tumor metastasis. CD9 antigens take part in the process of platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of paranodal junctions in neuronal tissue, and the fusion of sperm with egg. CD9 antigen (228 aa, ~25 kDa) is encoded by the human CD9 gene. This protein is involved in both sperm-egg fusion and platelet degranulation. Tetraspanin proteins found at high levels in cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage. CD53 antigens may be involved regulating the differentiation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and the activation of B-LYMPHOCYTES. A family of cell-surface proteins found on ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS. B7 antigens are ligands for specific cell surface receptor subtypes found on T-CELLS. They play an immunomodulatory role by stimulating or inhibiting the T-CELL activation process. A costimulatory receptor that is specific for INDUCIBLE T-CELL CO-STIMULATOR LIGAND. The receptor is associated with a diverse array of immunologically-related effects including the increased synthesis of INTERLEUKIN 10 in REGULATORY T-LYMPHOCYTES and the induction of PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 (223 aa, ~25 kDa) is encoded by the human CTLA4 gene. This protein is involved in the inhibition of T-cell mediated immune responses. An inhibitory T-lymphocyte receptor that has specificity for CD274 ANTIGEN and PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 LIGAND 2 PROTEIN. Signaling by the receptor limits T cell proliferation and INTERFERON GAMMA synthesis. The receptor also may play an essential role in the regulatory pathway that induces PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. Programmed cell death protein 1 (288 aa, ~32 kDa) is encoded by the human PDCD1 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. Transmembrane proteins consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that are homologous to complement regulatory proteins. They are important cell adhesion molecules which help LEUKOCYTES attach to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. A family of cell adhesion molecules containing a lectin-like domain, an EGF-like domain, and domains homologous to complement-binding proteins. Selectins mediate leukocyte binding to the vascular endothelium. family of adhesive receptors; E-, P-, and L-selectin are endothelial, platelet, and leukocyte glycoproteins that support cell adhesion through the recognition of carbohydrate ligands. A cell adhesion protein that is found within TIGHT JUNCTIONS of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and on the CELL MEMBRANE surface of circulating PLATELETS. A junctional adhesion molecule subtype that is localized to high endothelial VENULES, heart ENDOTHELIUM, TROPHOBLASTS of the PLANCENTA, and in the ENDOTHELIUM of ARTERIOLES. A family of SIALIC ACID binding proteins found in vertebrate species. They are transmembrane proteins which act as cell surface receptors for a variety of sialylated GLYCOCONJUGATES. While a subset of siglec protein subtypes are evolutionarily conserved between mammalian species, there are many others that are species specific. A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (595 aa, ~ 64 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFRSF8 gene. This protein is involved in ligand-mediated signal transduction, the positive regulation of apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation. A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of NF-KAPPA B and APOPTOSIS. They are found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; MAST CELLS and NK CELLS. Overexpression of CD30 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make the antigen clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS. The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors. Integrin beta-1 (798 aa, ~88 kDa) is encoded by the human ITGB1 gene. This protein plays a role in leukocyte migration, signal transduction, ligand binding and cell adhesion. Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that has specificity for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA and LYMPHOTOXIN ALPHA. It is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is a key mediator of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the vast majority of cells. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM. A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response. A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that binds specifically to CD30 ANTIGEN. It may play a role in INFLAMMATION and immune regulation. A receptor subunit that is a shared component of the INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR and the INTERLEUKIN-15 RECEPTOR. High affinity receptor complexes are formed with each of these receptors when their respective alpha subunits are combined with this beta subunit and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN. A subunit of the interleukin-10 receptor. It plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with TYK2 KINASE. Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids. Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide. High Affinity Interleukin-8 Receptor A (350 aa, 40 kD) is a cell motility protein that is encoded by the human IL8RA gene and has roles in inflammatory response, chemotaxis and signal transduction. High-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and BASOPHILS. An integrin alpha subunit that occurs as alternatively spliced isoforms. The isoforms are differentially expressed in specific cell types and at specific developmental stages. Integrin alpha3 combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form INTEGRIN ALPHA3BETA1 which is a heterodimer found primarily in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha V (1148 aa, 116 kD) is a cell adhesion process protein that is encoded by the human ITGAV gene and may have a role in cell-matrix adhesion. An alpha integrin with a molecular weight of 160-kDa that is found in a variety of cell types. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds. Integrin alphaV can combine with several different beta subunits to form heterodimers that generally bind to RGD sequence-containing extracellular matrix proteins. integral membrane sialoglycoprotein expressed on the surface of virtually all cells of hematopoietc origin; involved in signal transduction and adhesion. A sialic acid-rich protein and an integral cell membrane mucin. It plays an important role in activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES. A cell adhesion protein that was originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It is involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS. An abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and the PLASMA MEMBRANE. Loss of expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 is associated with GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE IIB. A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS. A protein being studied in the treatment of cancer. Substances that attach to OX-40 on the surface of T cells (a type of white blood cell) may help the T cells grow and kill more cancer cells. OX-40 is a type of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (277 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFRSF4 gene. This protein plays a role in signal transduction pathways that mediate apoptosis inhibition and inflammatory responses. A tumor necrosis family receptor with specificity for OX40 LIGAND. It is found on the surface of activated T-LYMPHOCYTES where it plays a role in enhancing cytokine production and proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. CD70 antigen (193 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human CD70 gene. This protein is involved in T-cell activation and proliferation and may also play a role in B-cell activation. A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN. It is found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in stimulating the proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Syndecan-1 (310 aa, ~32 kDa) is encoded by the human SDC1 gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of cell adhesion, signaling and cytoskeletal organization. A syndecan that interacts with EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS and plays a role CELL PROLIFERATION and CELL MIGRATION. A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTORS and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS. helper T-lymphocyte marker that functions as a receptor for MHC class II antigen; also acts as the receptor for HIV. 55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120. CD27 antigen (260 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human CD27 gene. This protein is involved in regulating B-cell activation, immunoglobulin synthesis, and apoptosis. A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on most T-LYMPHOCYTES. Activation of the receptor by CD70 ANTIGEN results in the increased proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (385 aa, 41 kD) is a cell motility process protein that is encoded by the human CD34 gene and has a role in cell-cell adhesion and may have a role in leukocyte migration. Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. surface glycophosphoprotein that is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells but not on mature blood cells. Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156) lymphocyte marker expressed on T and the Ly-1 subset of B cells; sends accessory signals necessary for CD3-mediated T cell activation, possibly via phosphorylation of inositol phosphate; Ly-1 B cells have a propensity for autoantibody production. differentiation antigens expressed on a variety of cell lines; regulate peripheral immune responses. A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM. An integrin alpha subunit that primarily combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the INTEGRIN ALPHA2BETA1 heterodimer. It contains a domain which has homology to collagen-binding domains found in von Willebrand factor. An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1. An interleukin-1 receptor subtype that competes with the INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR TYPE I for binding to INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The interleukin-1 type II receptor appears to lack signal transduction capability. Therefore it may act as a "decoy" receptor that modulates the activity of its ligands. Both membrane-bound and soluble forms of the receptor have been identified. An interleukin receptor subunit that was originally discovered as a component of the INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR. It was subsequently found to be a component of several other receptors including the INTERLEUKIN 4 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN 7 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN-9 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN-15 RECEPTOR, and the INTERLEUKIN-21 RECEPTOR. Mutations in the gene for the interleukin receptor common gamma chain have been associated with X-LINKED COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES. The interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor gamma chain (IL2RG) is an important signalling component of many interleukin receptors (e.g., IL2,IL4,IL7,IL9, and IL15) and is thus referred to as the common gamma chain. It is necessary for normal growth and differentiation of T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, glioma cells, and cells of the monocyte lineage. Mutations in this X-chromosome-linked gene cause X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). (from LocusLink and OMIM) A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-B ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 (444 aa, ~49 kDa) is encoded by the human KIR3DL1 gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL1 RECEPTORS and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS. Consisting of cell surface type I membrane Delta, Epsilon, Gamma, Zeta, and Eta protein subunits with ITAM domains and noncovalently associated with the disulfide bound heterodimeric alpha/beta and gamma/delta TCR, the CD3 complex couples receptor antigen recognition to signal transduction pathways during T-cell activation. During TCR engagement with MHC-associated antigen on host cell surfaces and synapse formation, CD3 activity leads to Tyr-phosphorylated CD3 subunits, Tyr phosphorylation of LAT colocalized in lipid rafts, and MAPK activation. CD3 signal transduction appears to involve LCK, ZAP70, Nck, SLA, SLA2, and DOCK2. CD3 subunits may also associate with the cytoskeleton. CD3 also mediates TCR signal transduction during the developmental transition through positive selection of immature thymocytes to mature CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. (NCI) Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA). T-lymphocyte marker that functions as a molecular bridge holding the T-cell antigen receptor to the cell surface, and coupling antigen- TCR binding to T-cell activation events. Costimulatory T-LYMPHOCYTE receptors that have specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN. Activation of this receptor results in increased T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival. T-Cell specific surface glycoprotein CD28 (220 aa, 25 kD) is a cell fate protein that is encoded by the human CD28 gene and has roles in regulation of apoptosis and humoral immune response. T lymphocyte surface molecule; involved in T cell activation and IL2 production. CD59 glycoprotein (128 aa, ~14 kDa) is encoded by the human CD59 gene. This protein is involved in the inhibition of the assembly of the membrane attack complex in the complement cascade. Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234) GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement decay-accelerating factor (381 aa, ~41 kDa) is encoded by the human CD55 gene. This protein plays a role in the negative regulation of the complement cascade. intrinsic red blood cell protein that prevents the assembly of convertase on the cell surface, thus protecting the cell from injury by autologous complement. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (250 aa, 28 kD) is a cell adhesion process protein that is encoded by the human CD58 gene and may have a role in cell-cell adhesion. Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation. A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis. Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154) cytokine induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts and myotubes; important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. T-cell antigen CD7 (240 aa, ~25 kDa) is encoded by the human CD7 gene. This protein plays a role in the development and function of lymphoid cells. Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells. Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them. Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-7. They are present on T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTE precursors. The receptors are heterodimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-5 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT. Integrin alpha-IIb (1039 aa, ~113 kDa) is encoded by the human ITGA2B gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of platelet clotting. Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb is an integrin alpha subunit that heterodimerizes with INTEGRIN BETA3 to form PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX. It is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain which is then postranslationally cleaved and processed into two disulfide-linked subunits of approximately 18 and 110 kDa in size. A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and is involved in INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS. A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member found expressed on peripheral B-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for B-CELL MATURATION ANTIGEN and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 13. A low affinity interleukin-3 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-3. A class of enzymes present in various organs and in many cells that catalyze the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. Serum 5'-N'Tase is measured as an indicator of liver damage resulting primarily from interference with the secretion of bile. Serum 5'-N'Tase is not as sensitive as some other enzymes (for example, ALP, AST, and ALT) to liver damage, but it is a more liver-specific enzyme. The level of this enzyme parallels alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It is used mostly to differentiate elevations in the above enzymes due to liver damage from damage to skeletal muscle. A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5. A measurement of the CD23 expressing cells per unit in a biological specimen. The determination of the amount of CD23 expressing cells per unit present in a sample. Specific molecular sites on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes which combine with IgEs. Two subclasses exist LFA-1 is a receptor for ICAM1, a surface molecule constitutively expressed on some tissues and induced on others in inflammation. The interaction of LFA-1 with ICAM provides essential accessory adhesion signals in many immune interactions, including those between T- and B-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-cells and their targets. Similar to NCAM, ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA antigens with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production in a variety of cells is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. ICAM-1 protein is the major human rhinovirus receptor. (from OMIM 147840 and NCI) A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. A serine protease that catalyses the release of an N-terminal dipeptide. Several biologically-active peptides have been identified as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 substrates including INCRETINS; NEUROPEPTIDES; and CHEMOKINES. The protein is also found bound to ADENOSINE DEAMINASE on the T-CELL surface and is believed to play a role in T-cell activation. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (766 aa, ~88 kDa) is encoded by the human DPP4 gene. This protein is involved in proteolytic regulation of T cell activation. Expressed on early B-cells by human CD19 Gene (Ig Superfamily), 95-kDa CD19_Antigen is a type I cell surface protein with 2 extracellular IgC2 domains, a cytoplasmic tail with 9 conserved Tyr residues, and no significant homology with other known proteins. Assembled with BCR, CD19 decreases the threshold for antigen receptor-dependent stimulation of B lymphocyte proliferation and intersects with many intracellular signaling pathways. CD19 functions as an adaptor protein for Src family kinase amplification, crucial for antigen receptor-induced signal transduction. Following BCR/CD19 ligation, LYN (Src kinase) phosphorylates CD19-Y513, binds to the CD19-SH2 domain and phosphorylates CD19-Y482. CD19-pY482 recruits more LYN, leading to LYN phosphorylation and CD19-Y391 phosphorylation. CD19-pY391 recruits VAV, phosphorylated by LYN. (NCI) Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation. CD antigen expressed on B cell surface; forms signal transduction complex with CD21 (CR2) and CD81 (TAPA-1). Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (277 aa, 31 kD) is a cell fate protein that is encoded by the human CD40 gene and has roles in inflammatory response, B-cell proliferation and apoptosis. 50 kD glycoprotein expressed on all B cells; plays an important role in B cell development and activation. A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1. A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to CD40-ligand. CD40-ligand, also known as CD40L/TRAP and CD154, is a type II membrane protein which binds to CD40, a cell surface receptor that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family; CD40 is expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells (DC), hematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. Recombinant CD40-ligand may be used to activate DC ex vivo via CD40 binding; CD40-ligand-activated DC may provide or augment a protective antitumor immunity when administered in dendritic cell cancer vaccines. Check for "http A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that is expressed primarily in IMMUNE SYSTEM cells. It has specificity for membrane-bound form of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and mediates intracellular-signaling through TNF RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTORS. A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS. A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that specifically binds B-CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR. It is found on B-LYMPHOCYTES and plays a role in maturation and survival of B-cells. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. An interleukin-1 receptor subtype that is involved in signaling cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The binding of this receptor to its ligand causes its favorable interaction with INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ACCESSORY PROTEIN and the formation of an activated receptor complex. Cell surface receptors that are specific for THROMBOPOIETIN. They signal through interaction with JANUS KINASES such as JANUS KINASE 2. Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (272 aa, 31 kD) is a cell fate protein that is encoded by the human IL2RA gene and has roles in immune response, cell proliferation, apoptosis and signal transduction. A low affinity interleukin-2 receptor subunit that combines with the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-2. A receptor subunit that is a shared component of the INTERLEUKIN-3 RECEPTOR; the INTERLEUKIN-5 RECEPTOR; and the GM-CSF RECEPTOR. High affinity receptor complexes are formed with each of these receptors when their respective alpha subunits are combined with this shared beta subunit. A cell surface receptor that specifically mediates the biological effects of INTERLEUKIN-9. The functional IL9 receptor signals through interaction of its cytoplasm domain with JANUS KINASES and requires the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT for activity. A receptor subunit that is a component of the TYPE I INTERLEUKIN-4 RECEPTOR and the TYPE II INTERLEUKIN-4 RECEPTOR. It signals through interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with JANUS KINASES such as JANUS KINASE 1. Interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (420 aa, 48 kD) is a cell division process protein that is encoded by the human IL5RA gene and has roles in cell proliferation and signal transduction. A low affinity interleukin-5 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-5. Several isoforms of the interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTOR and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (972 aa, 108 kD) is a cell division process protein that is encoded by the human CSF1R gene and has roles in macrophage differentiation and regulation of cell proliferation. A receptor for MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (GENES, FMS). It contains an intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity. When activated the receptor undergoes autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of down-stream signaling molecules and rapid down-regulation. suppressor T-lymphocyte marker that functions as a receptor for MHC class I antigen. Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions. Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor. A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells. T-cell surface antigen CD2 (351 aa, 39 kD) is a cell fate protein that is encoded by the human CD2 gene and has a role in induction of apoptosis. Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex. leukocyte surface antigen long known as the sheep red blood cell receptor (SRBCR); involved in helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation. antigen presenting molecule encoded outside of the major histocompatibility complex. Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS. Monocyte Differentiation Antigen CD14 (375 aa, 40 kD) is a cell fate protein that is encoded by the human CD14 gene and has a role in apoptosis and phagocytosis. Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein. CD antigen expressed on surface of monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils; lipopolysaccharide receptor; signals production of tumor necrosis factor. A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include Integrin alpha-4 (1032 aa, ~115 kDa) is encoded by the human ITGA4 gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in leukocytes. An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits. This integrin alpha subunit combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form a receptor (INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1) that binds FIBRONECTIN and LAMININ. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds. An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A. Cell surface receptors for INTERLEUKIN-17. Several subtypes of receptors have been found, each with its own in specificity for interleukin-17 subtype. A subunit of the interleukin-18 receptor that is responsible of extracellular binding of IL-18. Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT. High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons. Integrin beta-2 (769 aa, 85 kD) is a cell motility process protein that is encoded by the human ITGB2 gene and has roles in leukocyte adhesion and neutrophil chemotaxis. Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME. A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95. Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation. Encoded by Chemokine Receptor Genes (GPCR Family), cell surface Chemokine Receptors are seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory cells. Like chemokines, the chemokine receptors can be divided, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif, into at least three structural branches Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of proinflammatory molecules; members of the seven transmembrane G protein coupled receptor family; the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes. Integrin beta-4 (1822 aa, 202 kD) is a cell adhesion process protein that is encoded by the human ITGB4 gene and has a role in cell adhesion. Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described. Leukocyte Surface Antigen CD47 (323 aa, 35 kD) is a cellular division process protein that is encoded by the human CD47 gene and has roles in positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion, positive regulation of cell proliferation and positive regulation of T cell activation. transmembrane protein without tissue specificity that is involved in membrane cation flux. A ubiquitously expressed membrane glycoprotein. It interacts with a variety of INTEGRINS and mediates responses to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS. A sialomucin protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It is a negative regulator of certain types of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. A receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in HEMATOPOIESIS. It is closely related to FMS PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN and is commonly mutated in acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA. membrane associated enzymes; converts NAD to cyclic ADP ribose; CD (2+) activates second messenger and ADP ribose. A bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and HYDROLYSIS of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-RIBOSE. It is a cell surface molecule which is predominantly expressed on LYMPHOID CELLS and MYELOID CELLS. An abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and the PLASMA MEMBRANE. In PLATELETS and T-LYMPHOCYTES it may play a role in the cellular degranulation process. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (255 aa, ~28 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFRSF9 gene. This protein plays a role in receptor signal transduction in activated T-lymphocytes. A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is specific for 4-1BB LIGAND. It is found in a variety of immune cell types including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; NATURAL KILLER CELLS; and DENDRITIC CELLS. Activation of the receptor on T-LYMPHOCYTES plays a role in their expansion, production of cytokines and survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS. An interleukin receptor subunit with specificity for INTERLEUKIN-13. It dimerizes with the INTERLEUKIN-4 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT to form the TYPE II INTERLEUKIN-4 RECEPTOR which has specificity for both INTERLEUKIN-4 and INTERLEUKIN-13. Signaling of this receptor subunit occurs through the interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with JANUS KINASES such as the TYK2 KINASE. A receptor subunit that combines with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form the dual specificity receptor for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR and ONCOSTATIN M. The subunit is also a component of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR. Both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms of the receptor subunit exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. The secreted isoform is believed to act as an inhibitory receptor, while the membrane-bound form is a signaling receptor. Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha (468 aa, 52 kD) is a cell division process protein that is encoded by the human IL6R gene and has roles in multicellular organismal development, immune repsonse, cell proliferation and signal transduction. A low affinity interleukin-6 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-6. A subunit of the interleukin-10 receptor. It plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with JANUS KINASE 1. A subunit of the interleukin-18 receptor that plays a role in receptor signaling by association of its cytoplasmic domain with SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88. A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-G antigen. It contains D0 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. Cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. Several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. The adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes. A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen. A carbohydrate molecule found on the surface of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. It is involved in neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Expression of this antigen is associated with Hodgkin disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Receptors belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that bind to the Fc portion of IgG molecules and play a role in the phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria. Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist A carbohydrate molecule that contains a sulfoglucuronyl residue and found predominantly on the surface of natural killer cells. It is involved in the modulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood. An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C. A cytokine receptor that acts through the formation of oligomeric complexes of itself with a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. A widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a METASTASIS suppressor protein. It is underexpressed in a variety of human NEOPLASMS. Kangai 1 Protein, a metastasis suppressor protein encoded by the 80 kb human KAI1 gene (TM4SF family), is expressed in many tissues and has four putative transmembrane domains and a large extracellular domain having three potential N-glycosylation sites. KAI1 appears to be up regulated in activated T-cells. p53 activates the gene by interacting with sequences in a 5-prime upstream region. Loss of p53 appears to cause down-regulation of KAI1. Similar to leukocyte cell surface glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion and signal transduction, KAI1 is a likely homologue of mouse leukocyte surface antigen R2. Associated with CD4 or CD8, KAI1 delivers co-stimulatory signals for the TCR/CD3 pathway. KAI1 expression at the transcription or posttranscription level is often down regulated during tumor progression. (from SWISS-PROT, OMIM, and NCI) A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that associates with a variety of members of NK CELL LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY C to form heterodimeric receptors for HLA-E antigen. Basigin (385 aa, ~42 kDa) is encoded by the human BSG gene. This protein is involved in signal transduction that mediates protease gene expression, implantation, sperm formation and neural development. A widely distributed cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein that stimulates the synthesis of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES. It is found at high levels on the surface of malignant NEOPLASMS and may play a role as a mediator of malignant cell behavior. An interleukin-13 receptor subunit that is closely-related to the INTERLEUKIN-13 RECEPTOR ALPHA1 SUBUNIT. The receptor is found as a monomeric protein and has been considered to be a decoy receptor for interleukin-13 due the fact that it lacks cytoplasmic signaling domains. Interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (459 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human IL7R gene. This protein is involved in both interleukin binding and signal transduction. A low affinity interleukin-7 receptor subunit that combines with the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-7. A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-A3 ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. blood pressure, fluid volume, and sodium balance regulating system of interacting components that include renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin I and II, and angiotensinase. A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (1306 aa, ~150 kDa) is encoded by the human ACE gene. This protein plays a role in the hydrolysis of angiotensin I to form angiotensin II and the solubilization of glycophophoinositol-anchored proteins from the plasma membrane. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (805 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human ACE2 gene. This protein plays a role in both vasodilation and protein cleavage. note that individual metalloenzymes have not been treed under this term. a serum alpha-globulin synthesized in the liver, which is cleaved by renin to form angiotensin I. An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively. The determination of the amount of angiotensin converting enzyme present in a sample. A measurement of the angiotensin converting enzyme in a biological specimen. OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, Xaa-Xbb from oligopeptide-Xaa-Xbb, when Xaa is not Pro, and Xbb is neither Asp nor Glu. Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. [EC Human ACE wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q23.3 and is approximately 45 kb in length. This allele, which encodes angiotensin-converting enzyme protein, is involved in both hydrolysis and the regulation of vasoconstriction. Mutation of the gene is associated with renal tubular dysgenesis and susceptibility to ischemic stroke, microvascular complications of diabetes type 3 and diabetic end-stage renal disease. This gene plays a role in both proteolysis and vasodilation. This gene plays a role in vasoconstriction. Cl- dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane bound. A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1. dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase i (substance) dipeptidyl peptidase angiotensin i-converting enzyme cd143 antigens kininase a carboxycathepsin peptidyl-dipeptidase a cd143 antigens kininase kininase a angiotensin i converting enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme antigens, cd143 kininase ii angiotensin converting enzyme cd 143 antigens angiotensin converting enzyme antigens, cd143 angiotensin-converting enzyme peptidase p angiotensin i-converting enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (substance) dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase i peptidyl-dipeptidase a dipeptidyl peptidase a angiotensin converting enzyme carboxycathepsin angiotensin converting enzyme i angiotensin converting enzyme peptidyl dipeptidase a peptidyl-dipeptidase a peptidyl-dipeptidase a angiotensin-converting enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme peptidyl dipeptidase a angiotensin converting enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase a kininase ii angiotensin i converting enzyme peptidyl-dipeptidase a [chemical/ingredient] ace - angiotensin-converting enzyme kininase ii angiotensin converting enzyme antigens cd 143 carboxycathepsin
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<head>antegrade colonic enema</head> A procedure, method, or technique designed to prevent a disease or a disorder, or to improve physical function, or used in the process of treating a disease or injury. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix. Examples Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix. Examples Small tissue projection existing as a cecal diverticulum with a questionable history of vestigial versus specialized organ. Small tissue projection existing as a cecal diverticulum with a questionable history of vestigial versus specialized organ. (NCI) A small, fingerlike pouch that sticks out from the cecum (the first part of the large intestine near the end of the small intestine). Small tissue projection existing as a cecal diverticulum with a questionable history of vestigial versus specialized organ. (NCI) A worm-like blind tube extension from the CECUM. The act of building something The act of building something To expose the inner surface of a structure to the external surface of the body malone's operation (procedure) malone operation malone's operation ace - antegrade colonic enema procedure
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