NAME

Class::Meta::Type - Data type validation and accessor building.

SYNOPSIS

package MyApp::TypeDef;

use strict;
use Class::Meta::Type;
use IO::Socket;

my $type = Class::Meta::Type->add(
    key  => 'io_socket',
    desc => 'IO::Socket object',
    name => 'IO::Socket Object'
);

DESCRIPTION

This class stores the various data types us ed by Class::Meta. It manages all aspects of data type validation and method creation. New data types can be added to Class::Meta::Type by means of the add() constructor. This is useful for creating custom types for your Class::Meta-built classes.

Note:This class manages the most advanced features of Class::Meta. Before deciding to create your own accessor closures as described in add(), you should have a thorough working knowledge of how Class::Meta works, and have studied the add() method carefully. Simple data type definitions such as that shown in the SYNOPSIS, on the other hand, are encouraged.

CONSTRUCTORS

new

my $type = Class::Meta::Type->new($key);

Returns the data type definition for an existing data type. The definition will be looked up by the $key argument. Use add() to specify new types. If no data type exists for a given key, but Class::Meta->for_key returns a Class::Meta::Class object for that key, then new() will implicitly call add() to create add a new type corresponding to that class. This makes it easy to use any Class::Meta class as a data type.

Other data types can be added by means of the add() constructor, or by simply useing one or more of the following modules:

Class::Meta::Types::Perl

scalar
scalarref
array
hash
code

Class::Meta::Types::String

string

Class::Meta::Types::Boolean

boolean

Class::Meta::Types::Numeric

whole
integer
decimal
real
float

Read the documentation for the individual modules for details on their data types.

add

my $type = Class::Meta::Type->add(
    key  => 'io_socket',
    name => 'IO::Socket Object',
    desc => 'IO::Socket object'
);

Creates a new data type definition and stores it for future use. Use this constructor to add new data types to meet the needs of your class. The named parameter arguments are:

key

Required. The key with which the data type can be looked up in the future via a call to new(). Note that the key will be used case-insensitively, so "foo", "Foo", and "FOO" are equivalent, and the key must be unique.

name

Required. The name of the data type. This should be formatted for display purposes, and indeed, Class::Meta will often use it in its own exceptions.

check

Optional. Specifies how to validate the value of an attribute of this type. The check parameter can be specified in any of the following ways:

As a code reference. When Class::Meta executes this code reference, it will pass in the value to check, the object for which the attribute will be set, and the Class::Meta::Attribute object describing the attribute. If the attribute is a class attribute, then the second argument will not be an object, but a hash reference with two keys:

$name

The existing value for the attribute is stored under the attribute name.

__pkg

The name of the package to which the attribute is being assigned.

If the new value is not the proper value for your custom data type, the code reference should throw an exception. Here's an example; it's the code reference used by "string" data type, which you can add to Class::Meta::Type simply by using Class::Meta::Types::String:
```
check => sub {
    my $value = shift;
    return unless defined $value && ref $value;
    require Carp;
    our @CARP_NOT = qw(Class::Meta::Attribute);
    Carp::croak("Value '$value' is not a valid string");
}
```
Here's another example. This code reference might be used to make sure that a new value is always greater than the existing value.
```
check => sub {
    my ($new_val, $obj, $attr) = @_;
    # Just return if the new value is greater than the old value.
    return if defined $new_val && $new_val > $_[1]->{$_[2]->get_name};
    require Carp;
    our @CARP_NOT = qw(Class::Meta::Attribute);
    Carp::croak("Value '$new_val' is not greater than '$old_val'");
}
```
As an array reference. All items in this array reference must be code references that perform checks on a value, as specified above.
As a string. In this case, Class::Meta::Type assumes that your data type identifies a particular object type. Thus it will use the string to construct a validation code reference for you. For example, if you wanted to create a data type for IO::Socket objects, pass the string 'IO::Socket' to the check parameter and Class::Meta::Type will use the code reference returned by class_validation_generator() to generate the validation checks. If you'd like to specify an alternative class validation code generator, pass one to the class_validation_generator() class method. Or pass in a code reference or array reference of code reference as just described to use your own validator once.

Note that if the check parameter is not specified, there will never be any validation of your custom data type. And yes, there may be times when you want this -- The default "scalar" and "boolean" data types, for example, have no checks.

builder

Optional. This parameter specifies the accessor builder for attributes of this type. The builder parameter can be any of the following values:

"default": The string 'default' uses Class::Meta::Type's default accessor building code, provided by Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder. This is the default value, of course.
"affordance": The string 'default' uses Class::Meta::Type's affordance accessor building code, provided by Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder::Affordance. Affordance accessors provide two accessors for an attribute, a get_* accessor and a set_* mutator. See Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder::Affordance for more information.
"semi-affordance": The string 'default' uses Class::Meta::Type's semi-affordance accessor building code, provided by Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder::SemiAffordance. Semi-affordance accessors differ from affordance accessors in that they do not prepend get_ to the accessor. So for an attribute "foo", the accessor would be named foo() and the mutator named set_foo(). See Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder::SemiAffordance for more information.
A Package Name: Pass in the name of a package that contains the functions build(), build_attr_get(), and build_attr_set(). These functions will be used to create the necessary accessors for an attribute. See Custom Accessor Building for details on creating your own accessor builders.

CLASS METHODS

default_builder

my $default_builder = Class::Meta::Type->default_builder;
Class::Meta::Type->default_builder($default_builder);

Get or set the default builder class attribute. The value can be any one of the values specified for the builder parameter to add(). The value set in this attribute will be used for the builder parameter to to add() when none is explicitly passed. Defaults to "default".

class_validation_generator

my $gen = Class::Meta::Type->class_validation_generator;
Class::Meta::Type->class_validation_generator( sub {
    my ($pkg, $name) = @_;
    return sub {
        die "'$pkg' is not a valid $name"
          unless UNIVERSAL::isa($pkg, $name);
    };
});

Gets or sets a code reference that will be used to generate the validation checks for class data types. That is to say, it will be used when a string is passed to the checks parameter to <add()> to generate the validation checking code for data types that are objects. By default, it will generate a validation checker like this:

sub {
    my $value = shift;
    return if UNIVERSAL::isa($value, 'IO::Socket')
    require Carp;
    our @CARP_NOT = qw(Class::Meta::Attribute);
    Carp::croak("Value '$value' is not a IO::Socket object");
};

But if you'd like to specify an alternate validation check generator--perhaps you'd like to throw exception objects rather than use Carp--just pass a code reference to this class method. The code reference should expect two arguments: the data type value to be validated, and the string passed via the checks parameter to add(). It should return a code reference or array of code references that validate the value. For example, you might want to do something like this to throw exception objects:

use Exception::Class('MyException');

Class::Meta::Type->class_validation_generator( sub {
    my ($pkg, $type) = @_;
    return [ sub {
        my ($value, $object, $attr) = @_;
        MyException->throw("Value '$value' is not a valid $type")
          unless UNIVERSAL::isa($value, $pkg);
    } ];
});

But if the default object data type validator is good enough for you, don't worry about it.

INTERFACE

Instance Methods

key

my $key = $type->key;

Returns the key name for the type.

name

my $name = $type->name;

Returns the type name.

check

my $checks = $type->check;
my @checks = $type->check;

Returns an array reference or list of the data type validation code references for the data type.

build

This is a protected method, designed to be called only by the Class::Meta::Attribute class or a subclass of Class::Meta::Attribute. It creates accessors for the class that the Class::Meta::Attribute object is a part of by calling out to the build() method of the accessor builder class.

Although you should never call this method directly, subclasses of Class::Meta::Type may need to override its behavior.

make_attr_set

This is a protected method, designed to be called only by the Class::Meta::Attribute class or a subclass of Class::Meta::Attribute. It returns a reference to the attribute set accessor (mutator) created by the call to build(), and usable as an indirect attribute accessor by the Class::Meta::Attribute set() method.

Although you should never call this method directly, subclasses of Class::Meta::Type may need to override its behavior.

make_attr_get

This is a protected method, designed to be called only by the Class::Meta::Attribute class or a subclass of Class::Meta::Attribute. It returns a reference to the attribute get accessor created by the call to build(), and usable as an indirect attribute accessor by the Class::Meta::Attribute get() method.

Although you should never call this method directly, subclasses of Class::Meta::Type may need to override its behavior.

CUSTOM DATA TYPES

Creating custom data types can be as simple as calling add() and passing in the name of a class for the check parameter. This is especially useful when you just need to create attributes that contain objects of a particular type, and you're happy with the accessors that Class::Meta will create for you. For example, if you needed a data type for a DateTime object, you can set it up--complete with validation of the data type, like this:

my $type = Class::Meta::Type->add(
    key   => 'datetime',
    check => 'DateTime',
    desc  => 'DateTime object',
    name  => 'DateTime Object'
);

From then on, you can create attributes of the type "datetime" without any further work. If you wanted to use affordance accessors, you'd simply add the requisite builder attribute:

my $type = Class::Meta::Type->add(
    key     => 'datetime',
    check   => 'DateTime',
    builder => 'affordance',
    desc    => 'DateTime object',
    name    => 'DateTime Object'
);

The same goes for using semi-affordance accessors.

Other than that, adding other data types is really a matter of the judicious use of the check parameter. Ultimately, all attributes are scalar values. Whether they adhere to a particular data type depends entirely on the validation code references passed via check. For example, if you wanted to create a "range" attribute with only the allowed values 1-5, you could do it like this:

my $range_chk = sub {
    my $value = shift;
    die "Value is not a number" unless $value =~ /^[1..5]$/;
};

my $type = Class::Meta::Type->add(
    key   => 'range',
    check => $range_chk,
    desc  => 'Pick a number between 1 and 5',
    name  => 'Range (1-5)'
);

Of course, the above value validator will throw an exception with the line number from which die is called. Even better is to use Carp to throw an error with the file and line number of the client code:

my $range_chk = sub {
    my $value = shift;
    return if $value =~ /^[1..5]$/;
    require Carp;
    our @CARP_NOT = qw(Class::Meta::Attribute);
    Carp::croak("Value is not a number");
};

The our @CARP_NOT line prevents the context from being thrown from within Class::Meta::Attribute, which is useful if you make use of that class' set() method.

Custom Accessor Building

Class::Meta also allows you to craft your own accessors. Perhaps you'd prefer to use a StudlyCaps affordance accessor standard. In that case, you'll need to create your own module that builds accessors. I recommend that you study Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder and Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder::Affordance before taking on creating your own.

Custom accessor building modules must have three functions.

build

The build() function creates and installs the actual accessor methods in a class. It should expect the following arguments:

sub build {
    my ($class, $attribute, $create, @checks) = @_;
    # ...
}

These are:

$class: The name of the class into which the accessors are to be installed.
$attribute: A Class::Meta::Attribute object representing the attribute for which accessors are to be created. Use it to determine what types of accessors to create (read-only, write-only, or read/write, class or object), and to add checks for required constraints and accessibility (if the attribute is private, trusted, or protected).
$create: The value of the create parameter passed to Class::Meta::Attribute when the attribute object was created. Use this argument to determine what type of accessor(s) to create. See Class::Meta::Attribute for the possible values for this argument.
@checks: A list of one or more data type validation code references. Use these in any accessors that set attribute values to check that the new value has a valid value.

See Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder for example attribute creation functions.

build_attr_get and build_attr_set

The build_attr_get() and build_attr_set() functions take a single argument, a Class::Meta::Attribute object, and return code references that either represent the corresponding methods, or that call the appropriate accessor methods to get and set an attribute, respectively. The code references will be used by Class::Meta::Attribute's get() and set() methods to get and set attribute values. Again, see Class::Meta::AccessorBuilder for examples before creating your own.

SUPPORT

This module is stored in an open GitHub repository. Feel free to fork and contribute!

Please file bug reports via GitHub Issues or by sending mail to bug-Class-Meta@rt.cpan.org.

AUTHOR

David E. Wheeler <david@justatheory.com>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

To install Class::Meta, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Class::Meta

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Class::Meta

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

CONSTRUCTORS

new

add

CLASS METHODS

default_builder

class_validation_generator

INTERFACE

Instance Methods

key

name

check

build

make_attr_set

make_attr_get

CUSTOM DATA TYPES

Custom Accessor Building

build

build_attr_get and build_attr_set

SUPPORT

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Module Install Instructions