NAME

JSON::Schema::Modern - Validate data against a schema using a JSON Schema

VERSION

version 0.596

SYNOPSIS

use JSON::Schema::Modern;

$js = JSON::Schema::Modern->new(
  specification_version => 'draft2020-12',
  output_format => 'flag',
  ... # other options
);
$result = $js->evaluate($instance_data, $schema_data);

DESCRIPTION

This module aims to be a fully-compliant JSON Schema evaluator and validator, targeting the currently-latest Draft 2020-12 version of the specification.

CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

These values are all passed as arguments to the constructor.

specification_version

Indicates which version of the JSON Schema specification is used during evaluation. When not set, this value is derived from the $schema keyword in the schema used in evaluation, or defaults to the latest version (currently draft2020-12).

The use of this option is HIGHLY encouraged to ensure continued correct operation of your schema. The current default value will not stay the same over time.

May be one of:

draft2020-12 or 2020-12, corresponding to metaschema https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema
draft2019-09 or 2019-09, corresponding to metaschema https://json-schema.org/draft/2019-09/schema
draft7 or 7, corresponding to metaschema http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#
draft6 or 6, corresponding to metaschema http://json-schema.org/draft-06/schema#
draft4 or 4, corresponding to metaschema http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#

Note that you can also use a $schema keyword in the schema itself, to specify a different metaschema or specification version.

output_format

One of: flag, basic, strict_basic, terse. Defaults to basic. strict_basic can only be used with specification_version = draft2019-09. Passed to "output_format" in JSON::Schema::Modern::Result.

short_circuit

When true, evaluation will return early in any execution path as soon as the outcome can be determined, rather than continuing to find all errors or annotations. This option is safe to use in all circumstances, even in the presence of unevaluatedItems and unevaluatedProperties keywords: the validation result will not change; only some errors will be omitted from the result.

Defaults to true when output_format is flag, and false otherwise.

max_traversal_depth

The maximum number of levels deep a schema traversal may go, before evaluation is halted. This is to protect against accidental infinite recursion, such as from two subschemas that each reference each other, or badly-written schemas that could be optimized. Defaults to 50.

validate_formats

When true, the format keyword will be treated as an assertion, not merely an annotation. Defaults to true when specification_version is draft4, draft6 or draft7, and false for all other versions, but this may change in the future.

Note that the use of a format that does not have a defined handler will not be interpreted as an error in this mode; instead, the undefined format will simply be ignored. If you instead want this to be treated as an evaluation error, you must define a custom schema dialect that uses the format-assertion vocabulary (available in specification version draft2020-12) and reference it in your schema with the $schema keyword.

format_validations

An optional hashref that allows overriding the validation method for formats, or adding new ones. Overrides to existing formats (see "Format Validation") must be specified in the form of { $format_name => $format_sub }, where the format sub is a subref that takes one argument and returns a boolean result. New formats must be specified in the form of { $format_name => { type => $type, sub => $format_sub } }, where the type indicates which of the core JSON Schema types (null, object, array, boolean, string, number, or integer) the instance value must be for the format validation to be considered.

validate_content_schemas

When true, the contentMediaType and contentSchema keywords are not treated as pure annotations: contentEncoding (when present) is used to decode the applied data payload and then contentMediaType will be used as the media-type for decoding to produce the data payload which is then applied to the schema in contentSchema for validation. (Note that treating these keywords as anything beyond simple annotations is contrary to the specification, therefore this option defaults to false.)

See "add_media_type" and "add_encoding" for adding additional type support.

Technically only draft4, draft6 and draft7 allow this and drafts 2019-09 and 2020-12 prohibit ever returning the subschema evaluation results together with their parent schema's results, so shhh. I'm trying to get this fixed for the next draft.

collect_annotations

When true, annotations are collected from keywords that produce them, when validation succeeds. These annotations are available in the returned result (see JSON::Schema::Modern::Result). Not operational when "specification_version" is draft4, draft6 or draft7.

Defaults to false.

scalarref_booleans

When true, any value that is expected to be a boolean in the instance data may also be expressed as the scalar references \0 or \1 (which are serialized as booleans by JSON backends).

Defaults to false.

stringy_numbers

When true, any value that is expected to be a number or integer in the instance data may also be expressed as a string. This applies only to the following keywords:

type (where both string and number (and possibly integer) are considered valid)
const and enum (where the string "1" will match with "const": 1)
uniqueItems (where strings and numbers are compared numerically to each other, if either or both are numeric)
multipleOf
maximum
exclusiveMaximum
minimum
exclusiveMinimum
format (for formats defined to validate numbers)

This allows you to write a schema like this (which validates a string representing an integer):

type: string
pattern: ^[0-9]$
multipleOf: 4
minimum: 16
maximum: 256

Such keywords are only applied if the value looks like a number, and do not generate a failure otherwise. Values are determined to be numbers via "looks_like_number" in perlapi. This option is only intended to be used for evaluating data from sources that can only be strings, such as the extracted value of an HTTP header or query parameter.

Defaults to false.

strict

When true, unrecognized keywords are disallowed in schemas (they will cause an immediate abort in "traverse" or "evaluate").

Defaults to false.

METHODS

evaluate_json_string

$result = $js->evaluate_json_string($data_as_json_string, $schema);
$result = $js->evaluate_json_string($data_as_json_string, $schema, { collect_annotations => 1});

Evaluates the provided instance data against the known schema document.

The data is in the form of a JSON-encoded string (in accordance with RFC8259). The string is expected to be UTF-8 encoded.

The schema must be in one of these forms:

a Perl data structure, such as what is returned from a JSON decode operation,
a JSON::Schema::Modern::Document object,
or a URI string indicating the location where such a schema is located.

Optionally, a hashref can be passed as a third parameter which allows changing the values of the "short_circuit", "collect_annotations", "scalarref_booleans", "stringy_numbers", "strict", "validate_formats", and/or "validate_content_schemas" settings for just this evaluation call.

You can also pass use these keys to alter behaviour (these are generally only used by custom validation applications that contain embedded JSON Schemas):

data_path: adjusts the effective path of the data instance as of the start of evaluation
traversed_schema_path: adjusts the accumulated path as of the start of evaluation (or last $id or $ref)
initial_schema_uri: adjusts the recorded absolute keyword location as of the start of evaluation
effective_base_uri: locations in errors and annotations are resolved against this URI

The return value is a JSON::Schema::Modern::Result object, which can also be used as a boolean.

evaluate

$result = $js->evaluate($instance_data, $schema);
$result = $js->evaluate($instance_data, $schema, { short_circuit => 0 });

Evaluates the provided instance data against the known schema document.

The data is in the form of an unblessed nested Perl data structure representing any type that JSON allows: null, boolean, string, number, object, array. (See "Types" below.)

The schema must be in one of these forms:

a Perl data structure, such as what is returned from a JSON decode operation,
a JSON::Schema::Modern::Document object,
or a URI string indicating the location where such a schema is located.

You can also pass use these keys to alter behaviour (these are generally only used by custom validation applications that contain embedded JSON Schemas):

data_path: adjusts the effective path of the data instance as of the start of evaluation
traversed_schema_path: adjusts the accumulated path as of the start of evaluation (or last $id or $ref)
initial_schema_uri: adjusts the recorded absolute keyword location as of the start of evaluation
effective_base_uri: locations in errors and annotations are resolved against this URI

You can pass a series of callback subs to this method corresponding to keywords, which is useful for identifying various data that are not exposed by annotations. This feature is highly experimental and may change in the future.

For example, to find the locations where all $ref keywords are applied successfully:

my @used_ref_at;
$js->evaluate($data, $schema_or_uri, {
  callbacks => {
    '$ref' => sub ($data, $schema, $state) {
      push @used_ref_at, $state->{data_path};
    }
  },
});

The return value is a JSON::Schema::Modern::Result object, which can also be used as a boolean. Callbacks are not compatible with "short_circuit" mode.

validate_schema

$result = $js->validate_schema($schema);
$result = $js->validate_schema($schema, $config_override);

Evaluates the provided schema as instance data against its metaschema. Accepts $schema and $config_override parameters in the same form as "evaluate".

traverse

$result = $js->traverse($schema);
$result = $js->traverse($schema, { initial_schema_uri => 'http://example.com' });

Traverses the provided schema without evaluating it against any instance data. Returns the internal state object accumulated during the traversal, including any identifiers found therein, and any errors found during parsing. For internal purposes only.

Optionally, a hashref can be passed as a second parameter which alters some behaviour (these are generally only used by custom validation applications that contain embedded JSON Schemas):

traversed_schema_path: adjusts the accumulated path as of the start of evaluation (or last $id or $ref)
initial_schema_uri: adjusts the recorded absolute keyword location as of the start of evaluation
metaschema_uri: use the indicated URI as the metaschema

You can pass a series of callback subs to this method corresponding to keywords, which is useful for extracting data from within schemas and skipping properties that may look like keywords but actually are not (for example {"const": {"$ref": "this is not actually a $ref"}}). This feature is highly experimental and is highly likely to change in the future.

For example, to find the resolved targets of all $ref keywords in a schema document:

my @refs;
JSON::Schema::Modern->new->traverse($schema, {
  callbacks => {
    '$ref' => sub ($schema, $state) {
      push @refs, Mojo::URL->new($schema->{'$ref'})
        ->to_abs(JSON::Schema::Modern::Utilities::canonical_uri($state));
    }
  },
});

add_schema

$js->add_schema($uri => $schema);
$js->add_schema($schema);

Introduces the (unblessed, nested) Perl data structure representing a JSON Schema to the implementation, registering it under the indicated URI if provided, and all identifiers found within the document will be added as well ('' will be used if no other identifier can be found within).

You MUST call add_schema or "add_document" (below) for any external resources that a schema may reference via $ref before calling "evaluate", other than the standard metaschemas which are loaded from a local cache as needed.

If there were errors in the document, will die with these errors; otherwise returns the JSON::Schema::Modern::Document that contains the added schema.

add_document

$js->add_document($uri => $document);
$js->add_document($document);

Introduces the JSON::Schema::Modern::Document (or subclass) object, representing a JSON Schema, to the implementation, registering it under the indicated URI if provided (and all known identifiers within the document will be added as well).

If there were errors in the document, will die with these errors; otherwise returns the JSON::Schema::Modern::Document object.

add_format_validation

$js->add_format_validation(all_lc => sub ($value) { lc($value) eq $value });

$js->add_format_validation(no_nines => { type => 'number', sub => sub ($value) { $value =~ m/^[0-8]+$/ });

$js->add_format_validation(8bits => { type => 'string', sub => sub ($value) { $value =~ m/^[\x00-\xFF]+$/ });

Adds support for a custom format. If not supplied, the data type(s) that this format applies to defaults to string; all values of any other type will automatically be deemed to be valid, and will not be passed to the subref.

Additionally, you can redefine the definition for any core format (see "Format Validation"), but the data type(s) supported by that format may not be changed.

Be careful to not mutate the type of the value while checking it -- for example, if it is a string, do not apply arithmetic operators to it -- or subsequent type checks on this value may fail.

See https://spec.openapis.org/registry/format/ for a registry of known and useful formats; for compatibility reasons, avoid defining a format listed here with different semantics.

add_vocabulary

$js->add_vocabulary('My::Custom::Vocabulary::Class');

Makes a custom vocabulary class available to metaschemas that make use of this vocabulary. as described in the specification at "Meta-Schemas and Vocabularies".

The class must compose the JSON::Schema::Modern::Vocabulary role and implement the vocabulary and keywords methods, as well as _traverse_keyword_<keyword name> methods for each keyword. _eval_keyword_<keyword name> methods are optional; when not provided, evaluation will always return a true result.

add_media_type

$js->add_media_type('application/furble' => sub ($content_ref) {
  return ...;  # data representing the deserialized text for Content-Type: application/furble
});

Takes a media-type name and a subref which takes a single scalar reference, which is expected to be a reference to a string, which might contain wide characters (i.e. not octets), especially when used in conjunction with "get_encoding" below. Must return a reference to a value of any type (which is then dereferenced for the contentSchema keyword).

These media types are already known:

application/json - see RFC 4627
application/schema+json - see proposed definition
application/schema-instance+json - see proposed definition
application/octet-stream - passes strings through unchanged
application/x-www-form-urlencoded
application/x-ndjson - see https://github.com/ndjson/ndjson-spec
text/* - passes strings through unchanged

get_media_type

Fetches a decoder sub for the indicated media type. Lookups are performed without case sensitivity.

You can use it thusly:

$js->add_media_type('application/furble' => sub { ... }); # as above
my $decoder = $self->get_media_type('application/furble') or die 'cannot find media type decoder';
my $content_ref = $decoder->(\$content_string);

add_encoding

$js->add_encoding('bloop' => sub ($content_ref) {
  return \ ...;  # data representing the deserialized content for Content-Transfer-Encoding: bloop
});

Takes an encoding name and a subref which takes a single scalar reference, which is expected to be a reference to a string, which SHOULD be a 7-bit or 8-bit string. Result values MUST be a scalar-reference to a string (which is then dereferenced for the contentMediaType keyword).

Encodings handled natively are:

identity - passes strings through unchanged
base64 - see RFC 4648 §4
base64url - see RFC 4648 §5

get_encoding

Fetches a decoder sub for the indicated encoding. Incoming values MUST be a reference to an octet string. Result values will be a scalar-reference to a string, which might be passed to a media_type decoder (see above).

You can use it thusly:

my $decoder = $self->get_encoding('base64') or die 'cannot find encoding decoder';
my $content_ref = $decoder->(\$content_string);

get

my $schema = $js->get($uri);
my ($schema, $canonical_uri) = $js->get($uri);

Fetches the Perl data structure represented by the indicated identifier (uri or uri-reference). When called in list context, the canonical URI of that location is also returned, as a Mojo::URL. Returns undef if the schema with that URI has not been loaded (or cached).

Note that the data so returned may not be a JSON Schema, if the document encapsulating this location is a subclass of JSON::Schema::Modern::Document (for example JSON::Schema::Modern::Document::OpenAPI, which contains addressable locations of various semantic types).

get_document

my $document = $js->get_document($uri_reference);

Fetches the JSON::Schema::Modern::Document object (or subclass) that contains the provided identifier (uri or uri-reference). undef if the schema with that URI has not been loaded (or cached).

CACHING

Very large documents, particularly those used by OpenAPI::Modern, may take a noticeable time to be loaded and parsed. You can reduce the impact to your preforking application by loading all necessary documents at startup, and impact can be further reduced by saving objects to cache and then reloading them (perhaps by using a timestamp or checksum to determine if a fresh reload is needed).

Custom format validations, media types or encodings are not serialized, as they are represented by subroutine references, and will need to be manually added after thawing.

sub get_evaluator (...) {
  my $serialized_file = Path::Tiny::path($filename);
  my $schema_file = Path::Tiny::path($schema_filename);
  my $js;
  if ($serialized_file->stat->mtime < $schema_file->stat->mtime)) {
    $js = JSON::Schema::Modern->new;
    $js->add_schema(decode_json($schema_file->slurp_raw));  # your application schema
    my $frozen = Sereal::Encoder->new({ freeze_callbacks => 1 })->encode($js);
    $serialized_file->spew_raw($frozen);
  }
  else {
    my $frozen = $serialized_file->slurp_raw;
    $js = Sereal::Decoder->new->decode($frozen);
  }

  # add custom format validations, media types and encodings here
  $js->add_media_type(...);

  return $js;
}

LIMITATIONS

Types

Perl is a more loosely-typed language than JSON. This module delves into a value's internal representation in an attempt to derive the true "intended" type of the value. This should not be an issue if data validation is occurring immediately after decoding a JSON payload, or if the JSON string itself is passed to this module. If you are having difficulties, make sure you are using Perl's fastest and most trusted and reliable JSON decoder, Cpanel::JSON::XS. Other JSON decoders are known to produce data with incorrect data types, and data from other sources may also be problematic.

For more information, see "MAPPING" in Cpanel::JSON::XS.

Format Validation

By default (and unless you specify a custom metaschema with the $schema keyword or "metaschema" in JSON::Schema::Modern::Document), formats are treated only as annotations, not assertions. When "validate_formats" is true, strings are also checked against the format as specified in the schema. At present the following formats are supported (use of any other formats than these will always evaluate as true, but remember you can always supply custom format handlers; see "format_validations" above):

date-time
date
time
duration
email
idn-email
hostname
idn-hostname
ipv4
ipv6
uri
uri-reference
iri
uuid
json-pointer
relative-json-pointer
regex

A few optional prerequisites are needed for some of these (if the prerequisite is missing, validation will always succeed):

date-time, date, and time require Time::Moment, DateTime::Format::RFC3339
email and idn-email require Email::Address::XS version 1.04 (or higher)
hostname and idn-hostname require Data::Validate::Domain
idn-hostname requires Net::IDN::Encode

Specification Compliance

This implementation is now fully specification-compliant (for versions draft4, draft6, draft7, draft2019-09, draft2020-12), but until version 1.000 is released, it is still deemed to be missing some optional but quite useful features, such as:

loading schema documents from disk
loading schema documents from the network
loading schema documents from a local web application (e.g. Mojolicious)
additional output formats beyond flag, basic, and terse (https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-core.html#rfc.section.12)

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

The pattern and patternProperties keywords evaluate regular expressions from the schema, the regex format validator evaluates regular expressions from the data, and some keywords in the Validation vocabulary perform floating point operations on potentially-very large numbers. No effort is taken (at this time) to sanitize the regular expressions for embedded code or detect potentially pathological constructs that may pose a security risk, either via denial of service or by allowing exposure to the internals of your application. DO NOT USE SCHEMAS FROM UNTRUSTED SOURCES.

(In particular, see vulnerability "CVE-2023-47038-Write-past-buffer-end-via-illegal-user-defined-Unicode-property" in perl5363delta, which was fixed in Perl releases 5.34.3, 5.36.3 and 5.38.1.)

SUPPORT

Bugs may be submitted through https://github.com/karenetheridge/JSON-Schema-Modern/issues.

I am also usually active on irc, as 'ether' at irc.perl.org and irc.libera.chat.

You can also find me on the JSON Schema Slack server and OpenAPI Slack server, which are also great resources for finding help.

AUTHOR

Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.

To install JSON::Schema::Modern, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm JSON::Schema::Modern

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install JSON::Schema::Modern

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

VERSION

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

specification_version

output_format

short_circuit

max_traversal_depth

validate_formats

format_validations

validate_content_schemas

collect_annotations

scalarref_booleans

stringy_numbers

strict

METHODS

evaluate_json_string

evaluate

validate_schema

traverse

add_schema

add_document

add_format_validation

add_vocabulary

add_media_type

get_media_type

add_encoding

get_encoding

get

get_document

CACHING

LIMITATIONS

Types

Format Validation

Specification Compliance

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

SEE ALSO

SUPPORT

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE

Module Install Instructions