NAME
Math::PlanePath::QuintetReplicate -- self-similar "+" tiling
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::QuintetReplicate;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::QuintetReplicate->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);DESCRIPTION
This is a self-similar tiling of the plane with "+" shapes. It's the same kind of tiling as the QuintetCurve (and QuintetCentres), but with the middle square of the "+" shape centred on the origin.
12 3
13 10 11 7 2
14 2 8 5 6 1
17 3 0 1 9 <- Y=0
18 15 16 4 22 -1
19 23 20 21 -2
24 -3
^
-4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4The base pattern is a "+" shape
+---+
| 2 |
+---+---+---+
| 3 | 0 | 1 |
+---+---+---+
| 4 |
+---+which is then replicated
+--+
| |
+--+ +--+ +--+
| 10 | | |
+--+ +--+--+ +--+
| | | 5 |
+--+--+ +--+ +--+
| | 0 | |
+--+ +--+ +--+--+
| 15 | | |
+--+ +--+--+ +--+
| | | 20 |
+--+ +--+ +--+
| |
+--+The effect is to tile the whole plane. Notice the centres 0,5,10,15,20 are the same "+" shape but rotated around by an angle atan(1/2)=26.565 degrees, as noted below.
Complex Base
This tiling corresponds to expressing a complex integer X+i*Y as
base b=2+i
X+Yi = a[n]*b^n + ... + a[2]*b^2 + a[1]*b + a[0]where each digit position factor a[i] corresponds to N digits
N digit a[i]
------- ------
0 0
1 1
2 i
3 -1
4 -iThe base b is at an angle atan(1/2) = 26.56 degrees as seen at N=5 above. Successive powers b^2, b^3, b^4 etc at N=5^level rotate around by that much each time.
Npow = 5^level at b^level
angle(Npow) = level*26.56 degrees
radius(Npow) = sqrt(5) ^ levelFUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::QuintetReplicate->new ()-
Create and return a new path object.
($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)-
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number
$non the path. Points begin at 0 and if$n < 0then the return is an empty list.
Level Methods
FORMULAS
Rotations
The digits positions 1,2,3,4 go around +90deg each, so the N for rotation by +90 is each digit +1, cycling around.
rot+90(N) = 0, 2, 3, 4, 1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 11, 15, ... decimal
= 0, 2, 3, 4, 1, 20, 22, 23, 24, 21, 30, ... base5
rot-90(N) = 0, 4, 1, 2, 3, 20, 24, 21, 22, 23, 5, ... decimal
= 0, 4, 1, 2, 3, 40, 44, 41, 42, 43, 10, ... base5
rot180(N) = 0, 3, 4, 1, 2, 15, 18, 19, 16, 17, 20, ... decimal
= 0, 3, 4, 1, 2, 30, 33, 34, 31, 32, 40, ... base5X,Y Extents
The maximum X in a given level N=0 to 5^k-1 can be calculated from the replications. A given high digit 1 to 4 has sub-parts located at b^k*i^(d-1). Those sub-parts are all the same, so the one with maximum real(b^k*i^(d-1)) contains the maximum X.
N_xmax_digit(j) = d=1,2,3,4 where real(i^(d-1) * b^j) is maximum
= 1,1,4,4,4,4,3,3,3,2,2,2,1,1, ...
k-1
N_xmax(k) = digits N_xmax_digit(j) low digit j=0
j=0
= 0, 1, 6, 106, 606, 3106, 15606, ... decimal
= 0, 1, 11, 411, 4411, 44411, 444411, ... base5
k-1
z_xmax(k) = sum i^d[j] * b^j
j=0 each d[j] with real(i^d[j] * b^j) maximum
= 0, 1, 3+i, 7-2*i, 18-4*i, 42+3*i, 83+41*i, ...
xmax(k) = real(z_xmax(k))
= 0, 1, 3, 7, 18, 42, 83, 200, 478, 1005, ...For computer calculation these maximums can be calculated by the powers. The digit parts can also be written in terms of the angle arg(b) = atan(1/2). For successive k, if adding atan(1/2) pushes the b^k angle past +45deg then the preceding digit goes past -45deg and becomes the new maximum X. Write the angle as a fraction of 90deg (pi/2),
F = atan(1/2) / (pi/2) = 0.295167 ...This is irrational since b^k is never on the X or Y axes. That can be seen since imag(b^k) mod 5 == 1 if k odd and == 4 if k even >= 2. Similarly real(b^k) mod 5 == 2,3 so not on the Y axis, or also anything on the Y axis would have 3*k fall on the X axis.
Digits low to high successively step back in a cycle 4,3,2,1 so that (with mod giving 0 to 3),
N_xmax_digit(j) = (-floor(F*j+1/2) mod 4) + 1The +1/2 is since initial direction b^0=1 is angle 0 which is half way between -45 and +45 deg.
Similarly the location, using -i for rotation back
z_xmax_exp(j) = floor(F*j+1/2)
= 0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5, ...
z_xmax(k) = sum(j=0,k-1, (-i)^z_xmax_exp(j) * b^j)By symmetry the maximum extent is the same for Y vertically and for X or Y negative, suitably rotated. The N in those cases has the digits 1,2,3,4 cycled around as per "Rotations" above.
If the +1/2 in the floor is omitted then the effect is to find the maximum point in direction +45deg, so the point(s) with maximum sum S = X+Y.
N_smax_digit(j) = (-floor(F*j) mod 4) + 1
= 1,1,1,1,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,1, ...
k-1
N_smax(k) = digits N_smax_digit(j) low digit j=0
j=0
= 0, 1, 6, 31, 156, 2656, 15156, ... decimal
= 0, 1, 11, 111, 1111, 41111, 441111, ... base5
and also N_smax() + 1
z_smax_exp(j) = floor(F*j)
= 0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5, ...
z_smax(k) = sum(j=0,k-1, (-i)^z_smax_exp(j) * b^j)
= 0, 1, 3+i, 6+5*i, 8+16*i, 32+23*i, 73+61*i, ...
and also z_smax() + 1+i
smax(k) = real(z_smax(k)) + imag(z_smax(k))
= 0, 1, 4, 11, 24, 55, 134, 295, 602, 1465, ...In the base figure points 1 and 2 are both on the same 45deg line and this remains so in subsequent levels, so that for k>=1 N_smax(k) and N_smax(k)+1 are equal maximums.
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::QuintetCurve, Math::PlanePath::ComplexMinus, Math::PlanePath::GosperReplicate
HOME PAGE
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html
LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Kevin Ryde
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.