package Net::Amazon::S3; $Net::Amazon::S3::VERSION = '0.88'; use Moose 0.85; use MooseX::StrictConstructor 0.16; # ABSTRACT: Use the Amazon S3 - Simple Storage Service use Carp; use Digest::HMAC_SHA1; use Scalar::Util; use Net::Amazon::S3::Bucket; use Net::Amazon::S3::Client; use Net::Amazon::S3::Client::Bucket; use Net::Amazon::S3::Client::Object; use Net::Amazon::S3::HTTPRequest; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::AbortMultipartUpload; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::CompleteMultipartUpload; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::CreateBucket; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::DeleteBucket; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::DeleteMultiObject; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::DeleteObject; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::GetBucketAccessControl; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::GetBucketLocationConstraint; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::GetObject; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::GetObjectAccessControl; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::InitiateMultipartUpload; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::ListAllMyBuckets; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::ListBucket; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::ListParts; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::PutObject; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::PutPart; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::SetBucketAccessControl; use Net::Amazon::S3::Request::SetObjectAccessControl; use Net::Amazon::S3::Signature::V2; use Net::Amazon::S3::Signature::V4; use LWP::UserAgent::Determined; use URI::Escape qw(uri_escape_utf8); use XML::LibXML; use XML::LibXML::XPathContext; my $AMAZON_S3_HOST = 's3.amazonaws.com'; has 'use_iam_role' => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Bool', required => 0, default => 0); has 'aws_access_key_id' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 0 ); has 'aws_secret_access_key' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 0 ); has 'secure' => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Bool', required => 0, default => 1 ); has 'timeout' => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Num', required => 0, default => 30 ); has 'retry' => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Bool', required => 0, default => 0 ); has 'host' => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', required => 0, default => $AMAZON_S3_HOST ); has 'use_virtual_host' => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Bool', required => 0, lazy => 1, default => sub { $_[0]->authorization_method->enforce_use_virtual_host }, ); has 'libxml' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'XML::LibXML', required => 0 ); has 'ua' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'LWP::UserAgent', required => 0 ); has 'err' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Maybe[Str]', required => 0 ); has 'errstr' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Maybe[Str]', required => 0 ); has 'aws_session_token' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 0 ); has authorization_method => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', required => 0, lazy => 1, default => sub { $_[0]->host eq $AMAZON_S3_HOST ? 'Net::Amazon::S3::Signature::V4' : 'Net::Amazon::S3::Signature::V2' }, ); has keep_alive_cache_size => ( is => 'ro', isa => 'Int', required => 0, default => 10 ); __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable; sub BUILD { my $self = shift; if (!$self->use_iam_role) { if (!defined($self->aws_secret_access_key) || !defined($self->aws_access_key_id)) { die("Must specify aws_secret_access_key and aws_access_key_id"); } } my $ua; if ( $self->retry ) { $ua = LWP::UserAgent::Determined->new( keep_alive => $self->keep_alive_cache_size, requests_redirectable => [qw(GET HEAD DELETE PUT POST)], ); $ua->timing('1,2,4,8,16,32'); } else { $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new( keep_alive => $self->keep_alive_cache_size, requests_redirectable => [qw(GET HEAD DELETE PUT POST)], ); } $ua->timeout( $self->timeout ); $ua->env_proxy; $self->ua($ua); $self->libxml( XML::LibXML->new ); if ($self->use_iam_role) { eval "require VM::EC2::Security::CredentialCache" or die $@; my $creds = VM::EC2::Security::CredentialCache->get(); defined($creds) || die("Unable to retrieve IAM role credentials"); $self->aws_access_key_id($creds->accessKeyId); $self->aws_secret_access_key($creds->secretAccessKey); $self->aws_session_token($creds->sessionToken); } } sub buckets { my $self = shift; my $http_request = Net::Amazon::S3::Request::ListAllMyBuckets->new( s3 => $self ) ->http_request; # die $request->http_request->as_string; my $xpc = $self->_send_request($http_request); return undef unless $xpc && !$self->_remember_errors($xpc); my $owner_id = $xpc->findvalue("//s3:Owner/s3:ID"); my $owner_displayname = $xpc->findvalue("//s3:Owner/s3:DisplayName"); my @buckets; foreach my $node ( $xpc->findnodes(".//s3:Bucket") ) { push @buckets, Net::Amazon::S3::Bucket->new( { bucket => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:Name", $node ), creation_date => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:CreationDate", $node ), account => $self, } ); } return { owner_id => $owner_id, owner_displayname => $owner_displayname, buckets => \@buckets, }; } sub add_bucket { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $http_request = Net::Amazon::S3::Request::CreateBucket->new( s3 => $self, bucket => $conf->{bucket}, acl_short => $conf->{acl_short}, location_constraint => $conf->{location_constraint}, )->http_request; return 0 unless $self->_send_request_expect_nothing($http_request); return $self->bucket( $conf->{bucket} ); } sub bucket { my ( $self, $bucket ) = @_; return $bucket if Scalar::Util::blessed( $bucket ) && $bucket->isa( 'Net::Amazon::S3::Bucket' ); return Net::Amazon::S3::Bucket->new( { bucket => $bucket, account => $self } ); } sub delete_bucket { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $bucket; if ( eval { $conf->isa("Net::S3::Amazon::Bucket"); } ) { $bucket = $conf->bucket; } else { $bucket = $conf->{bucket}; } croak 'must specify bucket' unless $bucket; my $http_request = Net::Amazon::S3::Request::DeleteBucket->new( s3 => $self, bucket => $bucket, )->http_request; return $self->_send_request_expect_nothing($http_request); } sub list_bucket { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $http_request = Net::Amazon::S3::Request::ListBucket->new( s3 => $self, bucket => $conf->{bucket}, delimiter => $conf->{delimiter}, max_keys => $conf->{max_keys}, marker => $conf->{marker}, prefix => $conf->{prefix}, )->http_request; my $xpc = $self->_send_request($http_request); return undef unless $xpc && !$self->_remember_errors($xpc); my $return = { bucket => $xpc->findvalue("//s3:ListBucketResult/s3:Name"), prefix => $xpc->findvalue("//s3:ListBucketResult/s3:Prefix"), marker => $xpc->findvalue("//s3:ListBucketResult/s3:Marker"), next_marker => $xpc->findvalue("//s3:ListBucketResult/s3:NextMarker"), max_keys => $xpc->findvalue("//s3:ListBucketResult/s3:MaxKeys"), is_truncated => ( scalar $xpc->findvalue("//s3:ListBucketResult/s3:IsTruncated") eq 'true' ? 1 : 0 ), }; my @keys; foreach my $node ( $xpc->findnodes(".//s3:Contents") ) { my $etag = $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:ETag", $node ); $etag =~ s/^"//; $etag =~ s/"$//; push @keys, { key => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:Key", $node ), last_modified => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:LastModified", $node ), etag => $etag, size => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:Size", $node ), storage_class => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:StorageClass", $node ), owner_id => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:ID", $node ), owner_displayname => $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:DisplayName", $node ), }; } $return->{keys} = \@keys; if ( $conf->{delimiter} ) { my @common_prefixes; my $strip_delim = qr/$conf->{delimiter}$/; foreach my $node ( $xpc->findnodes(".//s3:CommonPrefixes") ) { my $prefix = $xpc->findvalue( ".//s3:Prefix", $node ); # strip delimiter from end of prefix $prefix =~ s/$strip_delim//; push @common_prefixes, $prefix; } $return->{common_prefixes} = \@common_prefixes; } return $return; } sub list_bucket_all { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; $conf ||= {}; my $bucket = $conf->{bucket}; croak 'must specify bucket' unless $bucket; my $response = $self->list_bucket($conf); return $response unless $response->{is_truncated}; my $all = $response; while (1) { my $next_marker = $response->{next_marker} || $response->{keys}->[-1]->{key}; $conf->{marker} = $next_marker; $conf->{bucket} = $bucket; $response = $self->list_bucket($conf); push @{ $all->{keys} }, @{ $response->{keys} }; last unless $response->{is_truncated}; } delete $all->{is_truncated}; delete $all->{next_marker}; return $all; } sub _compat_bucket { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; return Net::Amazon::S3::Bucket->new( { account => $self, bucket => delete $conf->{bucket} } ); } # compat wrapper; deprecated as of 2005-03-23 sub add_key { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $bucket = $self->_compat_bucket($conf); my $key = delete $conf->{key}; my $value = delete $conf->{value}; return $bucket->add_key( $key, $value, $conf ); } # compat wrapper; deprecated as of 2005-03-23 sub get_key { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $bucket = $self->_compat_bucket($conf); return $bucket->get_key( $conf->{key} ); } # compat wrapper; deprecated as of 2005-03-23 sub head_key { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $bucket = $self->_compat_bucket($conf); return $bucket->head_key( $conf->{key} ); } # compat wrapper; deprecated as of 2005-03-23 sub delete_key { my ( $self, $conf ) = @_; my $bucket = $self->_compat_bucket($conf); return $bucket->delete_key( $conf->{key} ); } sub _validate_acl_short { my ( $self, $policy_name ) = @_; # Current list at https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl if (!grep( { $policy_name eq $_ } qw(private public-read public-read-write aws-exec-read authenticated-read bucket-owner-read bucket-owner-full-control log-delivery-write ) ) ) { croak "$policy_name is not a supported canned access policy"; } } # $self->_send_request($HTTP::Request) # $self->_send_request(@params_to_make_request) sub _send_request { my ( $self, $http_request ) = @_; # warn $http_request->as_string; my $response = $self->_do_http($http_request); my $content = $response->content; return $content unless $response->content_type eq 'application/xml'; return unless $content; return $self->_xpc_of_content($content); } # centralize all HTTP work, for debugging sub _do_http { my ( $self, $http_request, $filename ) = @_; confess 'Need HTTP::Request object' if ( ref($http_request) ne 'HTTP::Request' ); # convenient time to reset any error conditions $self->err(undef); $self->errstr(undef); return $self->ua->request( $http_request, $filename ); } sub _send_request_expect_nothing { my ( $self, $http_request ) = @_; # warn $http_request->as_string; my $response = $self->_do_http($http_request); return 1 if $response->code =~ /^2\d\d$/; # anything else is a failure, and we save the parsed result $self->_remember_errors( $response->content ); return 0; } sub _croak_if_response_error { my ( $self, $response ) = @_; unless ( $response->code =~ /^2\d\d$/ ) { $self->err("network_error"); $self->errstr( $response->status_line ); croak "Net::Amazon::S3: Amazon responded with " . $response->status_line . "\n"; } } sub _xpc_of_content { my ( $self, $content ) = @_; my $doc = $self->libxml->parse_string($content); # warn $doc->toString(1); my $xpc = XML::LibXML::XPathContext->new($doc); # Set default XML document NS as S3 namespace. # Or default Amazon xmlns (for documents without NS). my $s3_ns = $doc->documentElement->lookupNamespaceURI || 'http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/'; $xpc->registerNs( 's3', $s3_ns ); return $xpc; } # returns 1 if errors were found sub _remember_errors { my ( $self, $src ) = @_; # Do not try to parse non-xml unless ( ref $src || $src =~ m/^[[:space:]]*err($code); $self->errstr($src); return 1; } my $xpc = ref $src ? $src : $self->_xpc_of_content($src); if ( $xpc->findnodes("//Error") ) { $self->err( $xpc->findvalue("//Error/Code") ); $self->errstr( $xpc->findvalue("//Error/Message") ); return 1; } return 0; } sub _urlencode { my ( $self, $unencoded ) = @_; return uri_escape_utf8( $unencoded, '^A-Za-z0-9_\-\.' ); } 1; __END__ =pod =encoding UTF-8 =head1 NAME Net::Amazon::S3 - Use the Amazon S3 - Simple Storage Service =head1 VERSION version 0.88 =head1 SYNOPSIS use Net::Amazon::S3; my $aws_access_key_id = 'fill me in'; my $aws_secret_access_key = 'fill me in too'; my $s3 = Net::Amazon::S3->new( { aws_access_key_id => $aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key => $aws_secret_access_key, # or use an IAM role. use_iam_role => 1 retry => 1, } ); # a bucket is a globally-unique directory # list all buckets that i own my $response = $s3->buckets; foreach my $bucket ( @{ $response->{buckets} } ) { print "You have a bucket: " . $bucket->bucket . "\n"; } # create a new bucket my $bucketname = 'acmes_photo_backups'; my $bucket = $s3->add_bucket( { bucket => $bucketname } ) or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; # or use an existing bucket $bucket = $s3->bucket($bucketname); # store a file in the bucket $bucket->add_key_filename( '1.JPG', 'DSC06256.JPG', { content_type => 'image/jpeg', }, ) or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; # store a value in the bucket $bucket->add_key( 'reminder.txt', 'this is where my photos are backed up' ) or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; # list files in the bucket $response = $bucket->list_all or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; foreach my $key ( @{ $response->{keys} } ) { my $key_name = $key->{key}; my $key_size = $key->{size}; print "Bucket contains key '$key_name' of size $key_size\n"; } # fetch file from the bucket $response = $bucket->get_key_filename( '1.JPG', 'GET', 'backup.jpg' ) or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; # fetch value from the bucket $response = $bucket->get_key('reminder.txt') or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; print "reminder.txt:\n"; print " content length: " . $response->{content_length} . "\n"; print " content type: " . $response->{content_type} . "\n"; print " etag: " . $response->{content_type} . "\n"; print " content: " . $response->{value} . "\n"; # delete keys $bucket->delete_key('reminder.txt') or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; $bucket->delete_key('1.JPG') or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; # and finally delete the bucket $bucket->delete_bucket or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr; =head1 DESCRIPTION This module provides a Perlish interface to Amazon S3. From the developer blurb: "Amazon S3 is storage for the Internet. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. Amazon S3 provides a simple web services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web. It gives any developer access to the same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites. The service aims to maximize benefits of scale and to pass those benefits on to developers". To find out more about S3, please visit: http://s3.amazonaws.com/ To use this module you will need to sign up to Amazon Web Services and provide an "Access Key ID" and " Secret Access Key". If you use this module, you will incurr costs as specified by Amazon. Please check the costs. If you use this module with your Access Key ID and Secret Access Key you must be responsible for these costs. I highly recommend reading all about S3, but in a nutshell data is stored in values. Values are referenced by keys, and keys are stored in buckets. Bucket names are global. Note: This is the legacy interface, please check out L instead. Development of this code happens here: https://github.com/rustyconover/net-amazon-s3 =head1 METHODS =head2 new Create a new S3 client object. Takes some arguments: =over =item aws_access_key_id Use your Access Key ID as the value of the AWSAccessKeyId parameter in requests you send to Amazon Web Services (when required). Your Access Key ID identifies you as the party responsible for the request. =item aws_secret_access_key Since your Access Key ID is not encrypted in requests to AWS, it could be discovered and used by anyone. Services that are not free require you to provide additional information, a request signature, to verify that a request containing your unique Access Key ID could only have come from you. DO NOT INCLUDE THIS IN SCRIPTS OR APPLICATIONS YOU DISTRIBUTE. YOU'LL BE SORRY =item aws_session_token If you are using temporary credentials provided by the AWS Security Token Service, set the token here, and it will be added to the request in order to authenticate it. =item use_iam_role If you'd like to use IAM provided temporary credentials, pass this option with a true value. =item secure Set this to C<0> if you don't want to use SSL-encrypted connections when talking to S3. Defaults to C<1>. To use SSL-encrypted connections, LWP::Protocol::https is required. =item keep_alive_cache_size Set this to C<0> to disable Keep-Alives. Default is C<10>. =item timeout How many seconds should your script wait before bailing on a request to S3? Defaults to 30. =item retry If this library should retry upon errors. This option is recommended. This uses exponential backoff with retries after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 seconds, as recommended by Amazon. Defaults to off. =item host The S3 host endpoint to use. Defaults to 's3.amazonaws.com'. This allows you to connect to any S3-compatible host. =item use_virtual_host Use the virtual host method ('bucketname.s3.amazonaws.com') instead of specifying the bucket at the first part of the path. This is particularly useful if you want to access buckets not located in the US-Standard region (such as EU, Asia Pacific or South America). See L for the pros and cons. =item authorization_method Authorization implementation package name. This library provides L<< Net::Amazon::S3::Signature::V2 >> and L<< Net::Amazon::S3::Signature::V4 >> Default is Signature 4 if host is C<< s3.amazonaws.com >>, Signature 2 otherwise =back =head3 Notes When using L in child processes using fork (such as in combination with the excellent L) you should create the S3 object in each child, use a fresh LWP::UserAgent in each child, or disable the L in the parent: $s3->ua( LWP::UserAgent->new( keep_alive => 0, requests_redirectable => [qw'GET HEAD DELETE PUT POST'] ); =head2 buckets Returns undef on error, else hashref of results =head2 add_bucket Takes a hashref: =over =item bucket The name of the bucket you want to add =item acl_short (optional) See the set_acl subroutine for documentation on the acl_short options =item location_constraint (option) Sets the location constraint of the new bucket. If left unspecified, the default S3 datacenter location will be used. Otherwise, you can set it to 'EU' for a European data center - note that costs are different. =back Returns 0 on failure, Net::Amazon::S3::Bucket object on success =head2 bucket BUCKET Takes a scalar argument, the name of the bucket you're creating Returns an (unverified) bucket object from an account. Does no network access. =head2 delete_bucket Takes either a L object or a hashref containing =over =item bucket The name of the bucket to remove =back Returns false (and fails) if the bucket isn't empty. Returns true if the bucket is successfully deleted. =head2 list_bucket List all keys in this bucket. Takes a hashref of arguments: MANDATORY =over =item bucket The name of the bucket you want to list keys on =back OPTIONAL =over =item prefix Restricts the response to only contain results that begin with the specified prefix. If you omit this optional argument, the value of prefix for your query will be the empty string. In other words, the results will be not be restricted by prefix. =item delimiter If this optional, Unicode string parameter is included with your request, then keys that contain the same string between the prefix and the first occurrence of the delimiter will be rolled up into a single result element in the CommonPrefixes collection. These rolled-up keys are not returned elsewhere in the response. For example, with prefix="USA/" and delimiter="/", the matching keys "USA/Oregon/Salem" and "USA/Oregon/Portland" would be summarized in the response as a single "USA/Oregon" element in the CommonPrefixes collection. If an otherwise matching key does not contain the delimiter after the prefix, it appears in the Contents collection. Each element in the CommonPrefixes collection counts as one against the MaxKeys limit. The rolled-up keys represented by each CommonPrefixes element do not. If the Delimiter parameter is not present in your request, keys in the result set will not be rolled-up and neither the CommonPrefixes collection nor the NextMarker element will be present in the response. =item max-keys This optional argument limits the number of results returned in response to your query. Amazon S3 will return no more than this number of results, but possibly less. Even if max-keys is not specified, Amazon S3 will limit the number of results in the response. Check the IsTruncated flag to see if your results are incomplete. If so, use the Marker parameter to request the next page of results. For the purpose of counting max-keys, a 'result' is either a key in the 'Contents' collection, or a delimited prefix in the 'CommonPrefixes' collection. So for delimiter requests, max-keys limits the total number of list results, not just the number of keys. =item marker This optional parameter enables pagination of large result sets. C specifies where in the result set to resume listing. It restricts the response to only contain results that occur alphabetically after the value of marker. To retrieve the next page of results, use the last key from the current page of results as the marker in your next request. See also C, below. If C is omitted,the first page of results is returned. =back Returns undef on error and a hashref of data on success: The hashref looks like this: { bucket => $bucket_name, prefix => $bucket_prefix, common_prefixes => [$prefix1,$prefix2,...] marker => $bucket_marker, next_marker => $bucket_next_available_marker, max_keys => $bucket_max_keys, is_truncated => $bucket_is_truncated_boolean keys => [$key1,$key2,...] } Explanation of bits of that: =over =item common_prefixes If list_bucket was requested with a delimiter, common_prefixes will contain a list of prefixes matching that delimiter. Drill down into these prefixes by making another request with the prefix parameter. =item is_truncated B flag that indicates whether or not all results of your query were returned in this response. If your results were truncated, you can make a follow-up paginated request using the Marker parameter to retrieve the rest of the results. =item next_marker A convenience element, useful when paginating with delimiters. The value of C, if present, is the largest (alphabetically) of all key names and all CommonPrefixes prefixes in the response. If the C flag is set, request the next page of results by setting C to the value of C. This element is only present in the response if the C parameter was sent with the request. =back Each key is a hashref that looks like this: { key => $key, last_modified => $last_mod_date, etag => $etag, # An MD5 sum of the stored content. size => $size, # Bytes storage_class => $storage_class # Doc? owner_id => $owner_id, owner_displayname => $owner_name } =head2 list_bucket_all List all keys in this bucket without having to worry about 'marker'. This is a convenience method, but may make multiple requests to S3 under the hood. Takes the same arguments as list_bucket. =head2 add_key DEPRECATED. DO NOT USE =head2 get_key DEPRECATED. DO NOT USE =head2 head_key DEPRECATED. DO NOT USE =head2 delete_key DEPRECATED. DO NOT USE =head1 LICENSE This module contains code modified from Amazon that contains the following notice: # This software code is made available "AS IS" without warranties of any # kind. You may copy, display, modify and redistribute the software # code either by itself or as incorporated into your code; provided that # you do not remove any proprietary notices. Your use of this software # code is at your own risk and you waive any claim against Amazon # Digital Services, Inc. or its affiliates with respect to your use of # this software code. (c) 2006 Amazon Digital Services, Inc. or its # affiliates. =head1 TESTING Testing S3 is a tricky thing. Amazon wants to charge you a bit of money each time you use their service. And yes, testing counts as using. Because of this, the application's test suite skips anything approaching a real test unless you set these three environment variables: =over =item AMAZON_S3_EXPENSIVE_TESTS Doesn't matter what you set it to. Just has to be set =item AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID Your AWS access key =item AWS_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET Your AWS sekkr1t passkey. Be forewarned that setting this environment variable on a shared system might leak that information to another user. Be careful. =back =head1 AUTHOR Leon Brocard and unknown Amazon Digital Services programmers. Brad Fitzpatrick - return values, Bucket object Pedro Figueiredo - since 0.54 =head1 SEE ALSO L =head1 AUTHOR Leo Lapworth =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2020 by Amazon Digital Services, Leon Brocard, Brad Fitzpatrick, Pedro Figueiredo, Rusty Conover. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. =cut