NAME
Debuggit::Manual - Details for using Debuggit to the fullest
General Stuff
A Note on Documentation
You know, documentation is a double-edged sword. Put too little, and no one will use your module because it's poorly documented. Put too much, and no one will use your module because it must be too complex ... I mean, just look at how much documentation it takes to describe it!
Well, it so happens that I actually like writing documentation, so there's a healthy chunk of it here. But let me assure you that this is just because I'm being thorough, not because this module is complex. It's actually almost ridiculously simple at its core--in fact there's about 4 to 5 times more POD than code in this distro.
You should read this documentation in 3 stages:
Start with the "Quick Start" in the main Debuggit POD. After you get bored with how simple Debuggit is to use like that, you may want to explore more options.
If you want some examples of cool things you can do with
Debuggit, take a look at Debuggit::Cookbook.When you want more details on the nitty gritty of how
Debuggitactually works, come to this POD (Debuggit::Manual). Think of this as a sort of a reference manual.
A Note on Version Numbers
I know it's very fashionable to mark any module you put on CPAN for the first time as version 0.000000001, and then take about eight years before daring to release a 1.0. However, this module (in earlier incarnations) was used in production code for over 10 years before I put it on CPAN, so I don't really think it makes much sense to call it 0.01. I've chosen to start its CPAN life at 2.01, as this is its 3rd major rewrite. If it makes you feel better, just subtract 2 from the version number and you'll get a fairly accurate idea of its "true" CPAN version. Just be aware that it has had a pretty full life outside CPAN as well.
The Changes file details this life fairly accurately. The version numbers are assigned using 20/20 hindsight, and I've filled in a few gaps in the historical notes, but all the dates and most of the commit messages are fully accurate, thanks to the wonders of version control.
The DEBUG Constant
DEBUG is a constant (similar to those defined with use constant) which holds your current debugging level. Because it's implemented using constant folding, any conditional based on it will actually be removed during compile-time if the debugging level isn't high enough (or turned off completely). For instance, this code:
calculate_complex_stuff(1..10_000) if DEBUG >= 2;would disappear entirely if DEBUG is set to 0, or to 1. Of course, being a constant has its own foibles: you can't interpolate it into double-quoted strings, and you can't put it in front of a fat comma. See constant for full details.
Setting DEBUG
You "set" DEBUG when you use Debuggit:
use Debuggit DEBUG => 2;Once it's set, you can't change it. You also can't set it from outside the code (like, from an environment variable), but that's a feature I'd consider adding if people thought it was useful.
If you want your debugging turned off altogether, you can do this:
use Debuggit DEBUG => 0;Or you can do this:
use Debuggit;But there's a subtle difference between those last two. In your top-level script, there's actually no difference at all. But in a module, not setting DEBUG doesn't mean DEBUG should be zero; rather it means it should "inherit" the value of DEBUG from the top-level script; or, to look at it another way, the value of DEBUG from the top-level script "falls through" to whatever modules are included by it.
The top-level script
The definition of "top-level script" (to Debuggit, anyway) is "first 'use Debuggit' statement that is executed by the Perl compiler." Which means you should always put use Debuggit before the use statements for other modules (or at least other modules of yours).
So typically what you would do is just put use Debuggit at the top of all your code until you're ready to debug. When you hit a problem, change to use Debuggit DEBUG => 3 (or whatever level you feel is appropriate), but only in the top-level script. Then you get debugging info from all your modules with one simple change. Or, if you just know the problem is in module X, you can enable debugging in that module only (see below). Convenient, right?
This may not work as well as you'd like if you can't figure out where your top-level script actually is (one great example of that is a mod_perl environment). But you can still enable the debugging in each module, so it isn't tragic. Just not as convenient.
Overriding DEBUG in a specific module
So, I said that once you set the value, you can't change it. To be more specific, you can't change it for that package. Each package, however, gets its own value of DEBUG and they could (theoretically) all be different. Although that's a recipe for disastrous confusion. Or confusing disaster. Or something ... don't do it, in any event.
But it could easily make sense to turn on debugging only for one particular module, if you just know the problem is in that module. This is fine; the "master value" (i.e. the value from the top-level script) will fall through, but it won't override a specific value you pass in.
As far as debuggit is concerned, the value of DEBUG is whatever the value of DEBUG is in the package that called it. It's entirely possible for debuggit to be an empty function to one package and a function which checks that package's version of DEBUG in another. For the most part, this will just DTRT (Do The Right Thing) and you won't have to worry about the details.
The debuggit function
This is the main event; the raison d'etre of the module. debuggit is very simple to use, but a lot of flexibility has been built into it as well. Read on to see how to adjust the various aspects of debuggit.
The basics
debuggit([level =>] arg[, ...])
debuggit is the only exported function of Debuggit (except for the DEBUG constant, which is technically a function, but you know what I mean). When DEBUG is set to 0, you are guaranteed that debuggit is an empty function. When DEBUG is non-zero, you are guaranteed that debuggit will do the equivalent of this:
sub debuggit
{
my $level = $_[0] =~ /^\d+$/ ? shift : 1;
if (DEBUG >= $level)
{
@_ = process_funcs(@_);
my $msg = $formatter->(@_);
$output->($msg);
}
}meaning that you can override both $formatter and $output, and you can add to or subtract from the functions handled by process_funcs.
Changing output format
[local] $Debuggit::formatter = coderef
The $formatter variable allows you to override Debuggit's internal format function (see above). For instance, something like this:
$Debuggit::formatter = sub { shift . "\n" . join('', map { "\t$_\n" } @_) };
my @list = qw< fred sue joe charlie >;
debuggit("Names:", @list);outputs something like this:
Names:
fred
sue
joe
charliealthough that seems less useful than the default formatter, in general. Or maybe you don't like how Debuggit provides spaces and newlines for you:
$Debuggit::formatter = sub { join('', @_) };But don't forget that now you've also lost the special handling of undef and strings with leading or trailing spaces.
Happily, since $formatter is a variable, you can use local to restore the previous value at the end of the enclosing block.
Functions are handled before the formatter is called (see "Debugging Functions"), so any replacement formatter you create doesn't have to worry about those.
The default_formatter looks mostly like this:
$default_formatter = sub
{
return join(' ', map { defined $_ ? $_ : '<<undef>>' } @_) . "\n";
};but see below for full details.
Before you try to get too terribly fancy with the formatter, you may wish to investigate add_func. A good rule of thumb when trying to decide whether you want a new function or a new formatter is this: Imagine that debuggit takes a bunch of chunks of text and produces a line (which is pretty much what it does). If you want to fiddle with how one of those chunks looks, you want a function. If you need to change the look of the whole line, though, you need a new formatter.
If you're more interested in where the formatted output gets sent to, look at "Changing where output goes".
The default formatter
Debuggit::default_formatter(@_)
This function is what $formatter (see above) is set to unless (and until) you change it. It can also be called from your own formatter function (see "Wrapping the debugging output" in Debuggit::Cookbook). Its purpose is to turn the arguments you pass to debuggit into a formatted line. This line is then sent to the function stored in $output.
The default formatter provides the following conveniences:
A single space is put between separate arguments.
An undefined argument is replaced with the string '<<undef>>' (distinguishes undef from an empty string, and avoids unsightly "uninitialized variable" warnings).
Any value which has leading or trailing spaces (that is, / +/, not /\s+/) has '<<' prepended to it and '>>' appended to it. This allows you to easily see (and hopefully accurately count) any such extra spaces.
A newline is appended to the formatted line.
Changing where output goes
[local] $Debuggit::output = coderef
The $output variable allows you to override Debuggit's internal output function. For instance, something like this:
local $Debuggit::output = sub { print @_ };allows you to print debugging messages to STDOUT rather than STDERR (although I'm not sure why you'd want to). Like with $formatter, the use of local allows you to change the output function temporarily (i.e. until the end of the enclosing block).
Note that you don't have to append a newline ($formatter does that). And finally note that not using local sometimes has its advantages: in this case, you might put such code in a common header file that all your Perl modules call, and the output will be adjusted for all parts of your program, regardless of scope. (See "Policy Modules" for the best way to accomplish that.)
The default output function is merely:
sub { print STDERR @_ };Note that this is subtly different from:
sub { warn @_ };in the presence of $SIG{__WARN__} handlers and/or mod_perl.
Debugging Functions
When writing debugging statements, you may find yourself doing the same operations over and over again. For instance, imagine that you have a set of objects that can belong to one of several subclasses. Internally, these are stored as hashes (as many objects in Perl are), and each hash contains a '_data' key whose value is a hashref, which itself contains all the interesting bits of data for the object. For debugging purposes, you often need to print out the exact type of a given object along with a particular data value. You may find yourself writing something like this over and over again:
debuggit("after bmoogling", ref($obj) . '->foo =', $obj->{'_data'}->{'foo'});By the time you've typed that exact template 20 or 30 times, you may be getting tired of it. What if you could do something like this instead?
debuggit("after bmoogling", OBJDATA => ($obj, 'foo'));(Note that the fat comma is not required (see "Style Considerations"), nor are the extra parends around $obj and 'foo'. But they make it more obvious what's going on here, in your author's humble opinion.)
If you could do that, that would be much nicer, yes? Well, you can:
Debuggit::add_func(OBJDATA => 2, sub
{
my ($self, $obj, $data_name) = @_;
return (ref($obj) . "->$data_name =", $obj->{'_data'}->{$data_name});
});What that's saying is this: Any time debuggit
Note that this function returns a two-element list, rather than just concatenating it all into one big string. This is so that, if the data value happens to be undefined, it will be handled correctly by the formatter (see "The default formatter", above).
A function doesn't have to take any arguments, nor does it have to return any. See "Interesting debugging functions" in Debuggit::Cookbook for some examples.
Many clever things can be done. Remember the difference between functions and formatters, which is covered above.
Default functions
At present, there is only one debugging function that Debuggit provides for you by default:
debuggit("my hash:", DUMP => \%my_hash);This is basically the same as:
use Data::Dumper;
debuggit("my hash:", Dumper(\%my_hash));with one important exception: instead of loading Data::Dumper via a use statement, the DUMP debugging function loads it via a require statement, with the happy side-effect that, if debugging is not enabled, Data::Dumper is never loaded. Which undoubtedly you don't want it to be in your production code (as it can add anywhere from 300Kb to nearly 3Mb to your memory footprint, depending on the version of Perl and the version of Data::Dumper).
Using Data::Printer instead
Of course, maybe you don't like Data::Dumper. Maybe you prefer the shiny new Data::Printer. "Get with the times, silly Debuggit man!" you cry. Never fear:
use Debuggit DataPrinter => 1, DEBUG => 1;
debuggit("my hash:", DUMP => \%my_hash);When you do this, it will send the single next argument (which means you have to use references as opposed to relying on Data::Printer's p() prototype) to Data::Printer::np() instead of Data::Dumper::Dumper(). When it does so, it will use the following parameters:
colored => 1, hash_separator => ' => ', print_escapes => 1because those are the parameters I like. If you like different parameters, feel free to make your own version of DUMP using add_func (see below).
This is the perfect sort of thing to add to a policy module. There are some examples of just that in the cookbook.
IMPORTANT NOTE! Because of the breaking change introduced in Data::Printer 0.36, the current provided version triggered by DataPrinter => 1 will only work on 0.36 or above (and versions of Debuggit prior to 2.07 only work with versions of Data::Printer below 0.36). If this is a problem, once again, create your own DUMP via add_func and you can do it however works for you.
Adding new functions
Debuggit::add_func(FUNC_NAME => #, sub { ... });
This adds a new debugging function to the table that Debuggit keeps. The first argument is the name of the function; if you pass the name of an existing function, it is replaced silently. The second argument is the number of arguments that the function takes. The final argument is the coderef for the function itself.
Any time debuggit finds an argument which exactly matches a function name, it removes that argument, and a number of following arguments matching the number passed to add_func. If that number of args exceeds the number remaining in debuggit's argument list, it will happily fill any gaps with undef values without notifying you (or even noticing, for that matter). It then passes the total list of arguments removed (including the function name!) to the coderef passed to add_func, calling it in list context. Finally, it takes the list returned from the coderef and inserts it back into debuggit's argument list at the point at which the arguments were removed. Basically, inside debuggit, it does the equivalent of this:
$n = $func_name_being_checked_for;
$i = $point_at_which_func_name_found;
splice @_, $i, $funcs{$n}->{'num_args'} + 1, $funcs{$n}->{'coderef'}->(@_[$i..$i+$funcs{$n}->{'num_args'}]);except hopefully more efficiently.
The name of the function is passed in so that you can do excessively clever things such as:
my $print_config = sub
{
my ($self, $value) = @_;
return ("Config ${self}->$value is", $CONFIG->{$self}->{$value});
};
Debuggit::add_func($_ => 1, $print_config) foreach qw< FOO BAR BAZ BMOOGLE >;But do remember that excessive cleverness often leads to nightmarish maintenance, so caveat codor.
Removing functions
Debuggit::remove_func('FUNC_NAME');
This just removes the given debugging function. Default functions are not special in any way, so those can be removed just as others can:
Debuggit::remove_func('DUMP');IMPORTANT CAVEAT!
Since debuggit is just doing a simple string comparison on its arguments to find functions, this means that you can't actually print out that string unless you embed it within another argument. So, assuming the default functions are still in place:
use Debuggit DEBUG => 2;
my $test = {};
debuggit(2 => "test is", DUMP => $test); # calls function, as expected
debuggit(2 => "i like to", 'DUMP', "stuff"); # calls function (possibly not expected)
debuggit(2 => "i like to", 'DUMP ', "stuff"); # doesn't call function, but prints "<<DUMP >>"
debuggit(2 => "i like to DUMP stuff"); # no issues here
my $value = 'DUMP';
debuggit(2 => "value is", $value, "in foo()"); # calls function(!!!)That last one is particularly worrisome, but there's not much to be done about it, except to try to choose names for functions that you feel confident aren't going to show up as arguments to debuggit, or else don't use debugging functions at all. Personally I find that as long as I use all caps for function names, and implement only the most necessary functions, it really isn't a problem.
Policy Modules
So, let's say you've started using some of Debuggit's more advanced features, such as setting formatters, or adding debugging functions, except that now you're putting the same lines of code at the top of every one of your Perl modules:
use Debuggit;
$Debuggit::formatter = sub { return scalar(localtime) . ': ' . Debuggit::default_formatter(@_) };
$Debuggit::output = sub { warn @_ }; # because I use $SIG{__WARN__}
Debuggit::add_func(CONFIG => 1,
sub { my ($self, $var) = $_; return (lc($self), 'var', $var, 'is', $Config->{$var}) });Whew! A bit verbose, eh? Would be nice if we could centralize that somehow.
Okay, try this:
package MyDebuggit;
use Debuggit (); # no need to let Debuggit import here
$Debuggit::formatter = sub { return scalar(localtime) . ': ' . Debuggit::default_formatter(@_) };
$Debuggit::output = sub { warn @_ }; # because I use $SIG{__WARN__}
sub import
{
my $class = shift;
Debuggit->import(PolicyModule => 1, @_);
# add_func has to be called after Debuggit->import()
Debuggit::add_func(CONFIG => 1,
sub { my ($self, $var) = $_; return (lc($self), 'var', $var, 'is', $Config->{$var}) });
}The 'PolicyModule' argument to Debuggit::import just tells it to install DEBUG and debuggit one level higher than usual, so that your caller (not you) gets all that debuggity goodness. Now you can just:
use MyDebuggit;or, similarly:
use MyDebuggit DEBUG => 2;and you're all set.
Note how the import passes @_ on to Debuggit::import. This is what makes that second use MyDebuggit example work. For a counter-example, see "Fun with policy modules" in Debuggit::Cookbook.
Style Considerations
This is a pretty simple module, but there are still a couple of different ways to do things. Here are my personal thoughts as to the pluses and minuses of the following alternative styles. You, of course, may feel free to disagree: that's what keeps the world a wonderful place.
First, there's the difference between these two:
debuggit("here I am!") if DEBUG >= 2;
debuggit(2 => "here I am!");Personally I prefer #2, but please see important information below under "Performance Considerations". Functionally, they are the same ... when debugging is on. However, here's an interesting thing that tripped me up once:
debuggit(4 => "row is", join(':', @$row));As you might guess from the names, this was in a tight loop that processed each row coming back from a database. What I hadn't considered was that, even when debugging was totally off, it was still doing that join call for every row of data, then passing the results to an empty function. In this case, the equivalent:
debuggit("row is", join(':', @$row)) if DEBUG >= 4;really was significantly better (again, see "Performance Considerations" for why).
Assuming you went with #2 above, you then have to decide between these two:
debuggit(2 => "here I am!");
debuggit(2, "here I am!");I strongly recommend the first one. To me, #2 just looks like it will print "2 here I am!", which it won't. #1 is using the fat comma to offset the debugging level from the debugging arguments, and that seems to me to be a Good Thing(tm).
How about a similar choice for functions?
debuggit("here's my big structure", DUMP => $struct);
debuggit("here's my big structure", 'DUMP', $struct);My objections to #2 are the same: it looks like "DUMP" is part of the debugging output, and it isn't. For me, the fat comma in a debuggit arg list is basically an indication that whatever precedes it is not something to be printed, but rather some message to debuggit itself to do something special.
On the other hand, don't fall into the trap of thinking that every time you use a fat comma debuggit is going to know that you don't want to print the thing that precedes it. For instance:
debuggit("this is not a func", hey => "even though it looks like one");
# unless you defined a func named 'hey', of course
# but don't do that; you should use all caps for func namesRemember, the fat comma is still just a comma; debuggit has no way to tell from its argument list whether you used a fat comma or not. Use => as a sign to your readers that you're using a debugging level or a debugging function, not as a sign to debuggit itself.
The last thing you have to decide is how to define your "levels" of debugging. You don't have to, of course. You can just have one level, effectively, and have your debugging be either on or off. But you will probably find that it's convenient to gradually crank up the debugging level when you're trying to find that elusive problem. The lower level that you can set it to, the less debugging crap you have to wade through to find what you're looking for.
So it makes sense to have various levels of debugging, and it makes sense to have them make sense. Decide on what's best for your project (which may just be what's best for you, or might involve coming to a concensus with your coworkers) and publish that in a comment somewhere so everyone has the same expectations. And then be consistent.
How many levels should you use? Well, the quite excellent Log::Log4perl has 6, and they're named instead of numbered, so that you know what to use each level for. It also contains this very curious statement:
Neither does anyone need more logging levels than these predefined ones.
If you think you do, I would suggest you look into steering your logging
behaviour via the category mechanism.(Actually, more recent versions of the module use a much softened rephrasing. But this was the original.)
No offense to Log4perl's author, but I always found this statement to be a bit ... well, snooty, to put it mildly. My personal view is, who am I to say how many levels you need? or what you want to use them for? Consequently, I have given you the range of positive integers to play with, and you can assign whatever meanings you like to them. But with great power comes great responsibility, and if you don't define what your levels are somewhere in your code, those who come after you will inevitably curse your name (even if those are you).
One last caution: You may want to define constants for your debugging levels, like so:
use constant QUIET => 1;
use constant SOFTER => 2;
use constant LOUDER => 3;
use constant LITTLE_BIT_LOUDER_NOW => 4;
# and so forthAnd then you may think you're going to use them like so:
debuggit(LOUDER => "this is not going to print what you think");(Unless you think it's going to print "LOUDER this is not going to print what you think", in which case you'd be absolutely right.) Remember that the fat comma autoquotes whatever comes before it, which deconstantifies your identifier there. You'll have to settle on one of these:
debuggit(LOUDER, "this works fine");
debuggit(LOUDER() => "as does this");Or, alternatively, don't use constant and use something like Const::Fast instead:
const our $QUIET => 1;
const our $SOFTER => 2;
const our $LOUDER => 3;
const our $LITTLE_BIT_LOUDER_NOW => 4;
# and so forth
debuggit($LOUDER => "this one works fine too");Personally your humble author, while preferring to use constants most of the time, doesn't actually use them for debugging levels. Possibly because the levels are already abstract representations as opposed to actual numbers.
Performance Considerations
So is calling debuggit completely free? Well, yes and no.
If you use this style:
debuggit("here I am!") if DEBUG >= 2;then, assuming DEBUG is set to 0 (or 1, even), it is indeed 100% free. In fact, the test suite actually uses B::Deparse to insure that the above statement produces no actual code when DEBUG == 0, and if you happen to have Memory::Usage installed, the test suite will also verify that use Debuggit does not add anything to your program's memory footprint (again, when DEBUG == 0).
This style, however:
debuggit(2 => "here I am!");is slightly more problematic. Unfortunately, without using a source munger (which is a possibility for a future version, although it would be strictly optional), there just isn't any way that I can see to eliminate that call. (I believe it would require something like Keyword::Declare or Devel::Declare or optimizer or a (shudder) source filter, but I fear that may be beyond my meager Perl hacking ability ... patches welcome!)
So if you prefer that second style (as does your humble author), then what you end up with is a guarantee that your debuggit calls will resolve to calls to empty functions, which take a very small (but positive) amount of time. Probably you will never notice them, as whatever actual work you are doing will certainly overwhelm any time spent on calling empty functions, but I definitely can't state with confidence that it will never have any impact on your application. And don't forget that Perl still has to process your arguments in order to call the empty function: if one of your args to debuggit is a function call, it gets called even when debugging is off. So, if any of that worries you, don't do that. Use the first style and then you're covered.
So the short answer is, the second style is more compact and potentially more legible. But the first style is safer in terms of minimizing performance impact. However, I do hope that one day I can update this module with further options which can make the second style just as efficient. Hopefully this gives you the information you need to choose what's right for you.
Comparison Matrix
How does Debuggit compare with similar modules?
Probably its most well-known competitor would be Log::Log4perl. However, Log4perl is really a full-featured logger, which handles errors, warnings, and much much more ... debugging is only a small part of what Log4perl does. If you need Log4perl, you may well want to stick with that and ignore Debuggit. Debuggit is mainly for when you need much less than what Log4perl provides. That having been said, one advantage of Debuggit over Log4perl is that Log4perl provides only 2 levels of debugging (debug and trace), while Debuggit provides as many as you like. Of course, some may consider that a disadvantage, but I mention it for completeness.
Log4perl is also designed to actually run in your code even in production mode, whereas Debuggit is designed to disappear after debugging is over. For that reason, you may actually find a use for both alongside each other. Go for it, you crazy kids.
More similar to Debuggit are debug (by the author of the quite excellent Moose), Debug, Debug::Message, and Debug::EchoMessage. All these have similar features to Debuggit, but none have as many. To be fair, some have features that Debuggit doesn't. I've put together a comparison matrix for you, but please remember that this is based on my reading of the documentation for these modules. I have neither used any of them nor looked at their source code extensively, so my comparison could be incomplete.
I've included a few other debugging modules that I ran across as well. Several of these latter modules are designed to be used as part of a larger distribution, but could be used separately, and offer similar functionality to Debuggit, so I threw them in there. What the heck.
d == debug
D == Debug
DM == Debug::Message
DEM == Debug::EchoMessage
LCD == LEOCHARRE::DEBUG
PTD == PTools::Debug
KD == Konstrukt::Debug
BD == Blosxom::Debug
NXD == Net::XMPP::Debug
Feature | Debuggit | d | D | DM | DEM | LCD | PTD | BD | KD | NXD |
-------------------------------------------|----------|---|---|----|-----|-----|-----|----|----|-----|
DEBUG constant | X | X | | | | X | | | | |
output function | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
override formatting | X | X | | | | | | | | |
override where output goes | X | X | | X | | | | | | |
override them separately | X | | | | | | | | | |
handles undefined values | X | | | | | | | | | |
handles vars w/ leading/trailing spaces | X | | | | | | | | | |
can print color messages | | | | X | | X | | | | |
can specify indent level | | | | X | X | | X | | | |
custom formatting functions | X | | | | | | | | | |
multiple debugging levels | X | | | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
levels are effectively unlimited | X | | | X | X | X | X | X | | X |
can specify levels as arbitrary strings | | | | | | X | | | | |
has OO interface | | X | X | X | X | | X | | X | X |
OO interface is optional | | X | | | | | | | | |
is self-contained (no dependencies) | X | X | X | | X | X | | X | | |
doesn't come bundled with other modules | X | X | X | X | X | X | | X | | |
control from outside module to be debugged | X | X | | | | X | | | | |
fallthrough from top level script | X | | | | | | | | | |
arbitrary control by module name | | X | | | | | | | | |
arbitrary control by package variable | | | | | | X | | | | |
-------------------------------------------+----------+---+---+----+-----+-----+-----+----+----+-----+There are, of course, additional considerations in terms of coding style, which may or may not be important to you. Also, at least one (Blosxom::Debug) uses source filtering, which you may or may not object to.