NAME

Locale::TextDomain::OO - Perl OO Interface to Uniforum Message Translation

$Id: OO.pm 724 2018-12-24 11:50:32Z steffenw $

$HeadURL: svn+ssh://steffenw@svn.code.sf.net/p/perl-gettext-oo/code/module/trunk/lib/Locale/TextDomain/OO.pm $

VERSION

1.036

Starting with version 1.000 the interface has changed.

DESCRIPTION

This module provides a high-level interface to Perl message translation.

It is based on Singleton objects for translator and lexicon. So it is easy to attach that without any Web or Cmd plugins. There is no conflict between singleton and more than 1 project at the same time. The lexicon has a project key to split.

You are able to use the translator singleton earlier then language initialization but do not call the translation methods before. Create the lexicon singleton during compilation time.

Maketext is implemented here for moving existing projects to Gettext.

BabelFish is implemented for multi-plural in one phrase. But use BabelFish in that case only. BabelFish is much harder to translate (similar to maketext) by translation office or automatic translation.

For combinded plurals watch the Gettext multiplural example. In that case you have to write that awful long formulas but it is possibel.

Never use keys instead of English language in code. You can't read, execute (with placeholders) or test your code without translation.

Why a new module?

This module is similar to Locale::TextDomain and Locale::Maketext.

This module is not using/changing any system locale like Locale::TextDomain.

This module has no magic in how to get the language like Locale::Maketext. You decide what you need.

There are some plugins, so it is possible to use different the Gettext, BabelFish and/or Maketext styles.

Locale::TextDomain::OO has a flexible object oriented interface based on Moo.

Creating the Lexicon and translating are two split things. So it is possible to create the lexicon during the compilation phase. The connection between both is the singleton mechanism of the lexicon module using MooX::Singleton.

Plugin for the web framework?

This module was first used in a Catalyst based web project.

It was great to call everything on the Catalyst context object. It was great until we used module in web and shell scripts together and called the translation methods there.

What we have done was removing the Catalyst Maketext plugin. We are using a role in the Catalyst application and so we can call all the translation methods on the Catalyst context object like before.

For the shell scripts we have a role for this Cmd's to call all the methods on $self.

In that roles we delegate a bunch of methods to Locale::TextDomain::OO. We also added our project specific methods there.

Write you own role. There is no need for a plugin for any framework.

Who is sets the languages?

Not this module.

In a web application are lots of ideas to do that. But never we use the server settings, never.

The HTTP request contains that information. Extend this with super and panic languages. Normally you support only a bunch of world languages, so reduce. This module will find the first match.

Or you store and get the language in the session.

Or your application has a language selection menu. (Never use flags for that. There are multilanguage countries and more countries have the same language.)

How to extract the project files?

Use module Locale::TextDomain::OO::Extract. This is a base class for all source scanner to create po/pot files. Use this base class and give this module the rules or use one of the already extended classes. Locale::TextDomain::OO::Extract::Perl is a extension for Perl code and so on.

How to build the lexicon - without Gettext tools?

Use module Locale::TextDomain::OO::Extract::Process. This is able to read, strip, extract, merge, write and clean PO and MO files.

There is a module named Locale::TextDomain::OO::Util::JoinSplitLexiconKeys. That helps you to build the lexicon keys. Do not join the keys by yourself, it can break in future versions. Use the category, domain, language and project part to describe your lexicon. category, domain and language you can use during translation. The only reason for project is to separate your different lexicons.

How to use the lexicon?

The lexicons or all lexicons are stored in memory. The idea to build a combined lexicon is overwriting hash values by same key. So read and overwrite common stuff with specials. In an example case the region file en-gb.mo contains only the differences. The common file en.mo contains all messages. So it is possible to create full lexicons for any language and region. What you have to describe is: Where are the files - directories. Pick up the common file en.mo as en. Pick up the common file en.mo and the special en-gb.mo as en-gb.

Do not follow the dead end of Locale::Maketext!

But it is allowed to use that writing for backward compatiblity.

What is the problem of Maketext?

Locale::Maketext allows 2 plural forms (and zero) only. This is changeable, but the developer has to control the plural forms. He is not an omniscient translator.

Gettext allows as much as needed plural forms at destination language.
Maketext has a plural formula as placeholder in strings to translate. Gettext has fully readable strings with simple placeholders. Then a very good automatic translation is possible and this module helps you.

(Some projects have keywords instead of English language in code. This module helps you to write readable, uncrypic code. Programmers optimisation is a very bad idea for translations. Never split a sentence.)
'quant' inside a phrase is the end of the automatic translation because quant is an 'or'-construct.
```
begin of phrase [quant,_1,singular,plural,zero] end of phrase
```
Gettext used full qualified sentences.
The plural form is allowed after a number, followed by a whitespace, not a non-breaking whitespace.
```
1 book
2 books
```
A plural form can not be before a number.
```
It is 1 book.
These are 2 books.
```
Gettext is using full qualified sentences.
There is no plural form without a number in the phrase.
```
I like this book.
I like these books.
```
Gettext used an extra count to select the plural form. Placeholders are placeholders not combined things.
Placeholders are numbered serially. It is difficult to translate this because the sense of the phrase could be lost.
```
Still [_1] [_2] to [_3].

Still 5 hours to midnight.
Still 15 days to Olympics.
```
Locale::TextDomain::OO used named placeholders like
```
Still {count :num} {datetime unit} to {event}.
```
But there are lots of modules around Locale::Maketext.

This is the reason for another module to have:

Endless (real: up to 6) plural forms controlled by the translator and not by the developer.
Named placeholders.

More information

Run the examples of this distribution (folder example).

Overview

Application calls           Application calls         Application calls
Gettext methods             Gettext and               Maketext methods
(Hint: select this)         Maketext methods              |
        |                   (Hint: Maketext already       |
        |                   exists in your project)       |
        |                               |                 |
        v                               v                 v
.----------------------------------------------------------------------.
| Locale::TextDomain::OO                                               |
| with plugin LanguageOfLanguages                                      |
| with plugins Locale::TextDomain::OO::Plugin::Expand::...             |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Gettext                           |\       /| Maketext               |
| Gettext::DomainAndCategory        | |     | |                        |
| Gettext::Loc (Hint: select this)  | |     | | Maketext::Loc          |
| Gettext::Loc::DomainAndCategory   | > and < | (Hint: select this)    |
| Gettext::Named (experimental)     | |     | |                        |
| BabelFish::Loc                    | |     | | Maketext::Localise     |
| BabelFish::Loc::DomainAndCategory |/       \| Maketext::Localize     |
`----------------------------------------------------------------------'
                           ^
                           |
.--------------------------'-----------------.
| Locale::TextDomain::OO::Singleton::Lexicon |-------------------------.
`--------------------------------------------'                         |
                           ^                                           |
                           |                                           |
.--------------------------'-------------------------------.           |
| build lexicon using Locale::TextDomain::OO::Lexicon::... |           |
|----------------------------------------------------------|           |
|           Hash              |   File::PO     | File::MO  |           |
`----------------------------------------------------------'           |
      ^               ^               ^                  ^             |
      |               |               |                  |             |
.-----'-----.    _____|_____    .-----'----.       .-----'----.        |
| Perl      |   /_ _ _ _ _ _\   | po files |-.     | mo files |-.      |
| data      |   |           |   `----------' |-.   `----------' |-.    |
| structure |   | Database  |     `----------' |     `----------' |    |
`-----------'   `-----------'       `----------'       `----------'    |
      ^                               ^   ^              ^             |
      |                               |   |              |             |
      |   .---------------------------'   |              |             |
 _____|___|_____                          |              |             |
/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\   .----------------------------------------------.   |
| Autotranslate |   | build using PO/MO                            |   |
| Cache         |   | Locale::TextDomain::OO::Extract              |   |
| CacheDatabase |   | and Locale::TextDomain::OO::Extract::Process |   |
`---------------'   `----------------------------------------------'   |
                                                                       |
                                 .-------------------------------------'
                                 v
.---------------------------------------------------------------------.
| build JSON lexicon using Locale::TextDomain::OO::Lexicon::StoreJSON |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
|       to_json      |       to_javascript       |      to_html       |
`---------------------------------------------------------------------'
                                 |
                                 v
             .---------------------------------------.
             | var localeTextDomainOOLexicon = json; |
             `---------------------------------------'
                                 ^
                                 |
.--------------------------------'-------------------------------------------------.
| requires:                                                                        |
| - http://jquery.com/                                                             |
| - javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Util/Constants.js                              |
| - javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Util/JoinSplitLexiconKeys.js                   |
| - javascript/Locale/Utils/PlaceholderNamed.js                                    |
|                                                                                  |
| implemented:                                                                     |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO.js                                               |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Plugin/Expand/BabelFish.js (under development)   |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Plugin/Expand/Gettext.js                         |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Plugin/Expand/Gettext/DomainAndCategory.js       |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Plugin/Expand/Gettext/Loc.js (Hint: select this) |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Plugin/Expand/Gettext/Loc/DomainAndCategory.js   |
|                                                                                  |
| not implemented:                                                                 |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Expand/Maketext.js                               |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Expand/Maketext/Loc.js                           |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Expand/Maketext/Localise.js                      |
| javascript/Locale/TextDomain/OO/Expand/Maketext/Localize.js                      |
|                                                                                  |
| Example:                                                                         |
| javascript/Example.html                                                          |
`----------------------------------------------------------------------------------'
        ^                     ^                            ^
        |                     |                            |
JavaScript calls      JavaScript calls             JavaScript calls
Gettext methods       Gettext and                  Maketext methods
(Hint: select this)   Maketext methods             (Maketext not implemented)
                      (Maketext not implemented)

SYNOPSIS

require Locale::TextDomain::OO;
use Log::Any qw($log);
my $loc = Locale::TextDomain::OO->new(
    # all parameters are optional
    plugins  => [ qw(
        Expand::Gettext::Loc
        +My::Special::Plugin
    ) ],
    language => 'de',          # default is i-default
    category => 'LC_MESSAGES', # default is q{}
    domain   => 'MyDomain',    # default is q{}
    project  => 'MyProject',   # default is undef
    filter   => sub {
        my ($self, $translation_ref) = @_;
        # encode if needed
        # run a formatter if needed, e.g.
        ${$translation_ref} =~ s{__ ( .+? ) __}{<b>$1</b>}xmsg;
        return;
    },
    logger   => sub {
        my ($message, $arg_ref) = @_;
        my $type = $arg_ref->{type}; # debug or warn
        $log->$type($message);
        return;
    },
);

This configuration would be use Lexicon "de:LC_MESSAGES:MyDomain::MyProject". That lexicon should be filled with data.

as singleton

Instead of method new call method instance to get a singleton.

my $instance = Locale::TextDomain::OO->instance(
    # Same parameters like new,
    # Initialization on first call only.
);
$same_instance = Locale::TextDomain::OO->instance;

Attributes handled e.g. with plugin Expand::Gettext::Loc

This plugin can handle named placeholders like {name}. For numeric placeholders add attribute :num. That allows easier automatic translation and to localize numbers. E.g. write {books :numf} to msgid, msgid_plural.

Grammar rules for string placeholders are able to handle affixes. The translation office can add attributes, e.g. {town :accusative} to msgstr, msgstr[n].

Add the modifier code like that to handle that attributes.

$loc->expand_gettext->modifier_code(
    sub {
        my ( $value, $attribute ) = @_;
        if ( $loc->language eq 'ru' ) {
            if ( $attribute eq 'accusative' ) {
               ...
            }
        }
        elsif ( $loc->language eq 'de' }xms ) {
            if ( $attribute eq 'numf' ) {
                ...
                $value =~ tr{.,}{,.};
            }
        }
        return $value;
    },
);

Attributes handled with plugin Expand::Gettext

Like before but a little difference. Instead of

$loc->expand_gettext_loc->modifier_code(...

write

$loc->expand_gettext->modifier_code(...

Localize numbers with plugin Expand::Maketext

Add the code to localize numbers.

$loc->expand_maketext->formatter_code(
    sub {
        my $value = shift;
        if ( $loc->language eq 'de' ) {
            ...
            $value =~ tr{.,}{,.};
        }
        return $value;
    },
);

JAVASCRIPT

How to use the JavaScript framework see Locale::TextDomain::OO::JavaScript.

SUBROUTINES/METHODS

method new

see SYNOPSIS

It is not possible to call method new with different plugins parameter. The first call will load the plugins. Later call set parameter plugins equal or do not set.

method instance

When using the singleton mechanism, the object need not be transported through all the subroutines.

Instead of

my $loc = Locale::TextDomain::OO->new(...);
...
$loc->any_method(...);

write

Locale::TextDomain::OO->instance(...);
...
my $loc = Locale::TextDomain::OO->instance;
$loc->any_method(...);

In case of webserver child or similar, set the language for every request not as parameter of the first instance call.

method language

Set the language an prepare the translation. You know exactly how to set. This module is stupid.

$loc->language( $language );

Get back

$language = $loc->language;

method category

You are able to ignore or set the category. That depends on your project.

$loc->category($category || q{} );
$category = $loc->category;

method domain

You are able to ignore or set the domain. That depends on your project.

$loc->domain($domain || q{} );
$domain = $loc->domain;

method filter

You are allowed to run code after each translation.

$loc->filter( sub {
    my ( $self, $translation_ref ) = @_;

    # $self is $loc
    # manipulate ${$translation_ref}
    # do not undef ${$translation_ref}

    return;
} );

Switch off the filter

$loc->filter(undef);

method logger

Set the logger

$loc->logger(
    sub {
        my ($message, $arg_ref) = @_;
        my $type = $arg_ref->{type};
        $log->$type($message);
        return;
    },
);

$arg_ref contains

object => $loc, # the object itself
type   => 'debug', # or 'warn'
event  => 'language,selection', # 'language,selection,fallback'
                                # or 'translation,fallback'

method translate

Do never call that method in your project. This method was called from expand plugins only.

$translation
    = $self->translate($msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count, $is_n);

method run_filter

Do never call that method in your project. This method was called from expand plugins only.

$self->filter(\$translation);

EXAMPLE

Inside of this distribution is a directory named example. Read the file README there. Then run the *.pl files.

DIAGNOSTICS

confess

CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT

none

DEPENDENCIES

Locale::TextDomain::OO::Translator

INCOMPATIBILITIES

not known

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

In the Gettext manual you can read at "15.5.18.9 Bugs, Pitfalls, And Things That Do Not Work" something that is not working with Perl. The examples there are rewritten and explained here.

string interpolation and joined strings

print <<"EOT";
    $loc->loc_(
        'The dot operator'
        . ' does not work'
        . ' here!'
    )
    Likewise, you cannot @{[ $loc->loc_('interpolate function calls') ]}
    inside quoted strings or quote-like expressions.
EOT

The fist call can not work. Methods are not callable in interpolated strings/"here documents". The . operator is normally not implemented at the extractor. The first parameter of method loc_ must be a constant.

There is no problem for the second call because the extractor extracts the Perl file as text and did not parse the code.

Regex eval

This example is no problem here, because the file is extracted as text.

s/<!--START_OF_WEEK-->/$loc->loc_('Sunday')/e;

named placeholders

Method loc_ is an alias for method loc_x. But {OPTIONS} is not a placeholder because key "OPTIONS" is not in parameters.

die $loc->loc_("usage: $0 {OPTIONS} FILENAME...\n");

die $loc->loc_x("usage: {program} {OPTIONS} FILENAME...\n", program => $0);

AUTHOR

Steffen Winkler

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

To install Locale::TextDomain::OO, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Locale::TextDomain::OO

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Locale::TextDomain::OO

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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