/ 
Set-Infinite-0.65
River stage three • 4 direct dependents • 188 total dependents
/ Set::Infinite

NAME

Set::Infinite - Sets of intervals

SYNOPSIS

use Set::Infinite;

$set = Set::Infinite->new(1,2);    # [1..2]
print $set->union(5,6);            # [1..2],[5..6]

DESCRIPTION

Set::Infinite is a Set Theory module for infinite sets.

A set is a collection of objects. The objects that belong to a set are called its members, or "elements".

As objects we allow (almost) anything: reals, integers, and objects (such as dates).

We allow sets to be infinite.

There is no account for the order of elements. For example, {1,2} = {2,1}.

There is no account for repetition of elements. For example, {1,2,2} = {1,1,1,2} = {1,2}.

CONSTRUCTOR

new

Creates a new set object:

$set = Set::Infinite->new;             # empty set
$set = Set::Infinite->new( 10 );       # single element
$set = Set::Infinite->new( 10, 20 );   # single range
$set = Set::Infinite->new( 
          [ 10, 20 ], [ 50, 70 ] );    # two ranges
empty set
$set = Set::Infinite->new;
set with a single element
$set = Set::Infinite->new( 10 );

$set = Set::Infinite->new( [ 10 ] );
set with a single span
$set = Set::Infinite->new( 10, 20 );

$set = Set::Infinite->new( [ 10, 20 ] );
# 10 <= x <= 20
set with a single, open span
$set = Set::Infinite->new(
    {
        a => 10, open_begin => 0,
        b => 20, open_end => 1,
    }
);
# 10 <= x < 20
set with multiple spans
$set = Set::Infinite->new( 10, 20,  100, 200 );

$set = Set::Infinite->new( [ 10, 20 ], [ 100, 200 ] );

$set = Set::Infinite->new(
    {
        a => 10, open_begin => 0,
        b => 20, open_end => 0,
    },
    {
        a => 100, open_begin => 0,
        b => 200, open_end => 0,
    }
);

The new() method expects ordered parameters.

If you have unordered ranges, you can build the set using union:

@ranges = ( [ 10, 20 ], [ -10, 1 ] );
$set = Set::Infinite->new;
$set = $set->union( @$_ ) for @ranges;

The data structures passed to new must be immutable. So this is not good practice:

$set = Set::Infinite->new( $object_a, $object_b );
$object_a->set_value( 10 );

This is the recommended way to do it:

$set = Set::Infinite->new( $object_a->clone, $object_b->clone );
$object_a->set_value( 10 );

clone / copy

Creates a new object, and copy the object data.

empty_set

Creates an empty set.

If called from an existing set, the empty set inherits the "type" and "density" characteristics.

universal_set

Creates a set containing "all" possible elements.

If called from an existing set, the universal set inherits the "type" and "density" characteristics.

SET FUNCTIONS

union

$set = $set->union($b);

Returns the set of all elements from both sets.

This function behaves like an "OR" operation.

$set1 = new Set::Infinite( [ 1, 4 ], [ 8, 12 ] );
$set2 = new Set::Infinite( [ 7, 20 ] );
print $set1->union( $set2 );
# output: [1..4],[7..20]

intersection

$set = $set->intersection($b);

Returns the set of elements common to both sets.

This function behaves like an "AND" operation.

$set1 = new Set::Infinite( [ 1, 4 ], [ 8, 12 ] );
$set2 = new Set::Infinite( [ 7, 20 ] );
print $set1->intersection( $set2 );
# output: [8..12]

complement

minus

difference

$set = $set->complement;

Returns the set of all elements that don't belong to the set.

$set1 = new Set::Infinite( [ 1, 4 ], [ 8, 12 ] );
print $set1->complement;
# output: (-inf..1),(4..8),(12..inf)

The complement function might take a parameter:

$set = $set->minus($b);

Returns the set-difference, that is, the elements that don't belong to the given set.

$set1 = new Set::Infinite( [ 1, 4 ], [ 8, 12 ] );
$set2 = new Set::Infinite( [ 7, 20 ] );
print $set1->minus( $set2 );
# output: [1..4]

symmetric_difference

Returns a set containing elements that are in either set, but not in both. This is the "set" version of "XOR".

DENSITY METHODS

real

$set1 = $set->real;

Returns a set with density "0".

integer

$set1 = $set->integer;

Returns a set with density "1".

LOGIC FUNCTIONS

intersects

$logic = $set->intersects($b);

contains

$logic = $set->contains($b);

is_empty

is_null

$logic = $set->is_null;

is_nonempty

This set that has at least 1 element.

is_span

This set that has a single span or interval.

is_singleton

This set that has a single element.

is_subset( $set )

Every element of this set is a member of the given set.

is_proper_subset( $set )

Every element of this set is a member of the given set. Some members of the given set are not elements of this set.

is_disjoint( $set )

The given set has no elements in common with this set.

is_too_complex

Sometimes a set might be too complex to enumerate or print.

This happens with sets that represent infinite recurrences, such as when you ask for a quantization on a set bounded by -inf or inf.

See also: count method.

SCALAR FUNCTIONS

min

$i = $set->min;

max

$i = $set->max;

size

$i = $set->size;

count

$i = $set->count;

OVERLOADED OPERATORS

stringification

print $set;

$str = "$set";

See also: as_string.

comparison

sort

> < == >= <= <=>

See also: spaceship method.

CLASS METHODS

Set::Infinite->separators(@i)

    chooses the interval separators for stringification. 

    default are [ ] ( ) '..' ','.

inf

    returns an 'Infinity' number.

minus_inf

    returns '-Infinity' number.

type

type( "My::Class::Name" )

Chooses a default object data type.

Default is none (a normal Perl SCALAR).

SPECIAL SET FUNCTIONS

span

$set1 = $set->span;

Returns the set span.

until

Extends a set until another:

0,5,7 -> until 2,6,10

gives

[0..2), [5..6), [7..10)

start_set

end_set

These methods do the inverse of the "until" method.

Given:

[0..2), [5..6), [7..10)

start_set is:

0,5,7

end_set is:

2,6,10

intersected_spans

$set = $set1->intersected_spans( $set2 );

The method returns a new set, containing all spans that are intersected by the given set.

Unlike the intersection method, the spans are not modified. See diagram below:

             set1   [....]   [....]   [....]   [....]
             set2      [................]

     intersection      [.]   [....]   [.]

intersected_spans   [....]   [....]   [....]

quantize

quantize( parameters )

    Makes equal-sized subsets.

    Returns an ordered set of equal-sized subsets.

    Example: 

        $set = Set::Infinite->new([1,3]);
        print join (" ", $set->quantize( quant => 1 ) );

    Gives: 

        [1..2) [2..3) [3..4)

select

select( parameters )

Selects set spans based on their ordered positions

select has a behaviour similar to an array slice.

           by       - default=All
           count    - default=Infinity

0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8      # original set
0  1  2                        # count => 3 
   1              6            # by => [ -2, 1 ]

offset

offset ( parameters )

Offsets the subsets. Parameters:

value   - default=[0,0]
mode    - default='offset'. Possible values are: 'offset', 'begin', 'end'.
unit    - type of value. Can be 'days', 'weeks', 'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds'.

iterate

iterate ( sub { } , @args )

Iterates on the set spans, over a callback subroutine. Returns the union of all partial results.

The callback argument $_[0] is a span. If there are additional arguments they are passed to the callback.

The callback can return a span, a hashref (see Set::Infinite::Basic), a scalar, an object, or undef.

[EXPERIMENTAL] iterate accepts an optional backtrack_callback argument. The purpose of the backtrack_callback is to reverse the iterate() function, overcoming the limitations of the internal backtracking algorithm. The syntax is:

iterate ( sub { } , backtrack_callback => sub { }, @args )

The backtrack_callback can return a span, a hashref, a scalar, an object, or undef.

For example, the following snippet adds a constant to each element of an unbounded set:

$set1 = $set->iterate( 
             sub { $_[0]->min + 54, $_[0]->max + 54 }, 
          backtrack_callback =>  
             sub { $_[0]->min - 54, $_[0]->max - 54 }, 
          );

first / last

first / last

In scalar context returns the first or last interval of a set.

In list context returns the first or last interval of a set, and the remaining set (the 'tail').

See also: min, max, min_a, max_a methods.

type

type( "My::Class::Name" )

Chooses a default object data type.

default is none (a normal perl SCALAR).

INTERNAL FUNCTIONS

_backtrack

$set->_backtrack( 'intersection', $b );

Internal function to evaluate recurrences.

numeric

$set->numeric;

Internal function to ignore the set "type". It is used in some internal optimizations, when it is possible to use scalar values instead of objects.

fixtype

$set->fixtype;

Internal function to fix the result of operations that use the numeric() function.

tolerance

$set = $set->tolerance(0)    # defaults to real sets (default)
$set = $set->tolerance(1)    # defaults to integer sets

Internal function for changing the set "density".

min_a

($min, $min_is_open) = $set->min_a;

max_a

($max, $max_is_open) = $set->max_a;

as_string

Implements the "stringification" operator.

Stringification of unbounded recurrences is not implemented.

Unbounded recurrences are stringified as "function descriptions", if the class variable $PRETTY_PRINT is set.

spaceship

Implements the "comparison" operator.

Comparison of unbounded recurrences is not implemented.

CAVEATS

  • constructor "span" notation

    $set = Set::Infinite->new(10,1);

    Will be interpreted as [1..10]

  • constructor "multiple-span" notation

    $set = Set::Infinite->new(1,2,3,4);

    Will be interpreted as [1..2],[3..4] instead of [1,2,3,4]. You probably want ->new([1],[2],[3],[4]) instead, or maybe ->new(1,4)

  • "range operator"

    $set = Set::Infinite->new(1..3);

    Will be interpreted as [1..2],3 instead of [1,2,3]. You probably want ->new(1,3) instead.

INTERNALS

The base set object, without recurrences, is a Set::Infinite::Basic.

A recurrence-set is represented by a method name, one or two parent objects, and extra arguments. The list key is set to an empty array, and the too_complex key is set to 1.

This is a structure that holds the union of two "complex sets":

{
  too_complex => 1,             # "this is a recurrence"
  list   => [ ],                # not used
  method => 'union',            # function name
  parent => [ $set1, $set2 ],   # "leaves" in the syntax-tree
  param  => [ ]                 # optional arguments for the function
}

This is a structure that holds the complement of a "complex set":

{
  too_complex => 1,             # "this is a recurrence"
  list   => [ ],                # not used
  method => 'complement',       # function name
  parent => $set,               # "leaf" in the syntax-tree
  param  => [ ]                 # optional arguments for the function
}

SEE ALSO

See modules DateTime::Set, DateTime::Event::Recurrence, DateTime::Event::ICal, DateTime::Event::Cron for up-to-date information on date-sets.

The perl-date-time project <http://datetime.perl.org>

AUTHOR

Flavio S. Glock <fglock@gmail.com>

COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2003 Flavio Soibelmann Glock. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

The full text of the license can be found in the LICENSE file included with this module.