NAME

docs/pdds/pdd17_pmc.pod - Parrot Magic Cookies

VERSION

$Revision: 18616 $

ABSTRACT

This PDD describes the internal structure and behavior of the Parrot Magic Cookie (PMC) data type.

DESCRIPTION

PMCs implement all internal data types more complex than a simple integer, float, or string, and also the data types of high-level languages. Nothing outside the core of Parrot (in fact, nothing outside the data type's vtable routines) should infer anything about a PMC (hence the Magic part).

This does mean, though, that you need to either know what functions are available and what they do, or have some method of finding out.

It's faster if you know which vtable entry does what, so that's the method parrot uses.

QUESTIONS

Where should c-level role implementations live? In src/pmc? What naming convention should we use for the files? Singleton role goes to rsingleton.pmc?
Should we create a pmrole keyword like pmclass? And pmr2c to translate them to C? How different are classes and roles at the PMC level?
<particle> pmclass needs a keyword to specify what roles a class is composed from. We're already using 'does', but in an ad hoc way, from what I can see in the little docs there are about 'does'.
<particle> Do c-level roles have custom flags like PMCs? Class PMC has a custom flag for 'instantiated', right now it uses a full int, which I think is a waste of space. <allison> 8 bits is pretty limited, and IIRC we've already run into the limitation. This runs back to Leo's proposal to make PMCs a little more flexible, so we wouldn't have to hold all PMCs to the same 8 bits

DESCRIPTION

- High-level objects can subclass low-level PMCs

IMPLEMENTATION

Internal structure

All PMCs have the form:

   struct PMC {
       pobj_t obj;
       VTABLE *vtable;
#if ! PMC_DATA_IN_EXT
       DPOINTER *data;
#endif
       struct PMC_EXT *pmc_ext;
   };

where obj is a pointer to a pobj_t structure:

typedef struct pobj_t {
    UnionVal u;
    Parrot_UInt flags;
} pobj_t;

and where:

typedef union UnionVal {
    struct {
        void * _bufstart;
        size_t _buflen;
    } _b;
    struct {
        DPOINTER* _struct_val;
        PMC* _pmc_val;
    } _ptrs;
    INTVAL _int_val;
    FLOATVAL _num_val;
    struct parrot_string_t * _string_val;
} UnionVal;

u holds data associated with the PMC. This can be in the form of an integer value, a floating-point value, a string value, or a pointer to other data. u may be empty, since the PMC structure also provides a more general data pointer, but is useful for PMCs which hold only a single piece of data (e.g. PerlInts).

flags holds a set of flags associated with the PMC; these are documented in include/parrot/pobj.h, and are generally only used within the Parrot internals.

vtable holds a pointer to the vtable associated with the PMC. This points to a set of functions, with interfaces described in "Vtable Functions" that implement the basic behaviour of the PMC (i.e. how it behaves under addition, subtraction, cloning etc.)

data (if present) holds a pointer to any additional data associated with the PMC. This may be NULL.

pmc_ext points to an extended PMC structure. This has the form:

   struct PMC_EXT {
#if PMC_DATA_IN_EXT
       DPOINTER *data;
#endif
       PMC *_metadata;             # [Note: replaced by roles]
       struct _Sync *_synchronize; # [Note: may be deprecated, see STM]
       PMC *_next_for_GC;
   };

data is a generic data pointer, as described above.

_metadata holds internal PMC metadata. The specification for this has not yet been finalized.

_synchronize is for access synchronization between shared PMCs.

_next_for_GC determines the next PMC in the 'used' list during dead object detection in the GC.

PMCs are not required to have a PMC_EXT structure (i.e. pmc_ext can be null).

PMCs are used to implement the basic data types of the high level languages running on top of Parrot. For instance, a Perl 5 SV will map onto one (or more) types of PMC, while particular Python datatypes will map onto different types of PMC.

Vtable Functions

Vtables decouple the interface and implementation of various object functions. The actual vtable structure contains pointers to functions that implement the methods for that particular PMC. All pointers must point to valid functions with appropriate prototypes.

In C code, the first parameter to any vtable routine is the current interpreter. The second parameter is the PMC itself.

The following list details each of the vtable methods, their prototypes, and their behavior.

Core Vtable Functions

void init(INTERP, PMC* self)

Called when a PMC is first instantiated. It takes an unused PMC parameter and turns it into a PMC of the appropriate class.

void init_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* initializer)

Alternative entry point called when a PMC is first instantiated. Accepts a PMC parameter used to initialize the given object. Interpretation of the PMC initializer is left open, each PMC is free to choose its own implemention. A NULL value passed as the initializer parameter is allowed.

NOTE: It is strongly suggested that init_pmc(PMCNULL) be equivalent to init(), though there will of necessity be exceptions.

void morph(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL type)

Turn the PMC into a PMC of type type. If the morphing can't be done in any reasonable way -- for instance if an integer is asked to turn into an Array -- then the PMC is first destroyed, then recreated as an empty PMC of the new type.

This method is primarily used when the interpreter has need of coercing a PMC to a particular type, and isn't meant as a general purpose casting tool. Compilers should only emit valid morphing operations.

void mark(INTERP, PMC* self)

Called when the DOD is tracing live PMCs. If this method is called then the code must mark all strings and PMCs that it contains as live, otherwise they may be collected.

This method is only called if the DOD has detected that this PMC is both alive and has a custom mark routine as indicated by the custom mark PMC flag. (Most normal PMCs don't need a custom mark routine.)

If a PMC has this flag set, then it is responsible for marking all buffers and PMCs under its control as alive. If it does not, those PMCs or buffers may be collected later. This method does not have to call the mark method on any PMCs it marks--the DOD system takes care of that. (So no need to recurse into aggregate PMCs or anything of the sort).

This method may allocate no memory from Parrot, nor may it alter Parrot's internal structures. It should have no side-effects from the C level either. This routine may not throw an exception.

void destroy(INTERP, PMC* self)

Called when the PMC is destroyed. This method is called by the DOD when it determines that a PMC is dead and that the PMC has marked itself as having a destroy method (an active finalizer).

When this method finishes, the PMC will be marked as dead. As such you should make sure that you don't leave any references to it in any Parrot structure by the end of the method.

This method may not throw an exception. It will be ignored if it does.

PMC* clone(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return a clone of a PMC.

defined

Accessors

PMC* getprop(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Return the value from the property hash of self keyed by key. The key should not be NULL.

void setprop(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key, PMC* value)

Set the value in the property hash of self that is keyed by key to the value of value. The key should not be NULL.

void delprop(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Delete the value from the property hash of self keyed by key. The key should not be NULL.

PMC* getprops(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the entire property hash for self.

INTVAL type(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the type of the PMC. Type is a unique number associated with the PMC when the PMC's class is loaded. Negative numbers are considered interpreter-specific, non-public types.

UINTVAL subtype(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL type) [deprecated]

Return the subtype of a PMC. (Note that this may be unimplemented, and may go away). This is intended to return information about the PMC--what type of number or string it is, whether it's a scalar, hash, array, or list, and suchlike things.

[This can be adequately handled by does and inspect.]

STRING* name(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the name of the class for the PMC.

get_integer

INTVAL get_integer(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the native integer value of the PMC.

get_number

FLOATVAL get_number(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the native floating-point value of the PMC.

get_bignum

PMC* get_bignum(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the extended precision numeric value of the PMC as a new bignum PMC.

get_string

STRING* get_string(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the native string value of the PMC. This may be in any encoding, chosen by the PMC.

get_bool

INTVAL get_bool(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the true/false value of the PMC (the constant TRUE or the constant FALSE). The definition of truth for a given PMC will depend on the type of the PMC. For a scalar, it may be as simple as returning false when the PMC has a value 0 or "", and returning true when the PMC has any other value.

get_pmc

PMC* get_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the PMC value for this PMC. This is useful in circumstances where the thing being accessed may return something other than its own value. For example, an array might return a reference to itself. Any PMC may return a value different from the PMC that get_pmc is being called on.

set_integer_native

void set_integer_native(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value)

Set the integer value of this PMC from a native integer value (integer register/constant).

set_integer_same

void set_integer_same(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Set the value of this PMC from the integer value of another PMC. The value PMC is guaranteed to be of the same type as the self PMC, so optimizations may be made.

set_number_native

void set_number_native(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value)

Set the value of this PMC from a native floating-point value (float register/constant).

set_number_same

void set_number_same(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Set the value of this PMC from the floating-point value another PMC. The value PMC is guaranteed to be of the same type as the self PMC, so optimizations may be made.

get_pointer

void* get_pointer(INTERP, PMC* self)

Returns a pointer value for the PMC. Useful for PMCs that hold pointers to arbitrary data. The details of the data (type, location etc.) depend on the PMC.

set_bignum_int

void set_bignum_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value)

Morph the PMC to a BIGNUM PMC, and set the extended-precision value from a native integer.

set_string_native

void set_string_native(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* value)

Set the value of this PMC from a native string value (string register/constant).

assign_string_native

void assign_string_native(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* value)

Set the value of this PMC to a copied native string value (string register/constant).

set_string_same

void set_string_same(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Set the value of this PMC from the string value of another PMC. The value PMC is guaranteed to be of the same type as the self PMC, so optimizations may be made.

set_bool

void set_bool(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value)

Set the boolean state of the PMC to TRUE if the native integer value passed in is TRUE, or FALSE if the value is FALSE. The definition of truth is left open to the particular PMC. For a scalar, it may be as simple as setting false when a 0 value is passed in, and seting true when any other value is passed in.

assign_pmc

void assign_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Set the value of the PMC in self to the value of the PMC in value by copying the value.

set_pmc

void set_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Make the PMC in self refer to the PMC passed as value.

set_pointer

void set_pointer(INTERP, PMC* self, void* value)

Set the pointer value of the PMC Useful for PMCs that hold pointers to arbitrary data. The details of the data (type, location etc.) depend on the PMC.

Aggregate Vtable Functions

Many of the following functions have a *_keyed form, a *_keyed_int form, and a *_keyed_str form. The keyed forms take a PMC*, INTVAL, or STRING* key as a parameter. The PMC* parameter is NULL if there is no key for that PMC; this means that that argument is unkeyed.

In some cases, the caller must provide a non-NULL key. Those cases are explicitly stated below. In the other cases, you may have to implement the keyed vtable functions and check for a NULL self key even if you are implementing a non-aggregate type. If the self key is non-NULL and the PMC class is a non-aggregate type, the _keyed_* methods should throw an exception.

If you do not implement the *_keyed_int and *_keyed_str functions, the default will convert the INTVAL or STRING* into a key PMC* and call the corresponding *_keyed functions.

elements

INTVAL elements(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the number of elements in the PMC.

get_integer_keyed

INTVAL get_integer_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key)

Return the integer value for the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_integer_keyed_int

INTVAL get_integer_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key)

Return the integer value for the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_integer_keyed_str

INTVAL get_integer_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Return the integer value for the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_number_keyed

FLOATVAL get_number_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key)

Return the native floating-point value for the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_number_keyed_int

FLOATVAL get_number_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key)

Return the native floating-point value for the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_number_keyed_str

Return the native floating-point value for the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_string_keyed

STRING* get_string_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key)

Return the string value for the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_string_keyed_int

STRING* get_string_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key)

Return the string value for the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_string_keyed_str

STRING* get_string_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Return the string value for the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_bool_keyed

Return the boolean value for the element indexed by a PMC key.

get_bool_keyed_int

Return the boolean value for the element indexed by an integer key.

get_bool_keyed_str

Return the boolean value for the element indexed by a string key.

get_pmc_keyed

PMC* get_pmc_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key)

Return the PMC value for the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_pmc_keyed_int

PMC* get_pmc_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key)

Return the PMC value for the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_pmc_keyed_str

PMC* get_pmc_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Return the PMC value for the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

get_pointer_keyed

void* get_pointer_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key)

Return the pointer value for the element indexed by a PMC key. The details of the data (type, location etc.) depend on the PMC.

get_pointer_keyed_int

void* get_pointer_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key)

Return the pointer value for the element indexed by an integer key. The details of the data (type, location etc.) depend on the PMC.

get_pointer_keyed_str

void* get_pointer_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Return the pointer value for the element indexed by a string key. The details of the data (type, location etc.) depend on the PMC.

set_integer_keyed

void set_integer_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key, INTVAL value)

Set the integer value of the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_integer_keyed_int

void set_integer_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key, INTVAL value)

Set the integer value of the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_integer_keyed_str

void set_integer_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key, INTVAL value)

Set the integer value of the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_number_keyed

void set_number_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key, FLOATVAL value)

Set the floating-point value of the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_number_keyed_int

void set_number_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key, FLOATVAL value)

Set the floating-point value of the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_number_keyed_str

void set_number_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key, FLOATVAL value)

Set the floating-point value of the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_string_keyed

void set_string_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key, STRING* value)

Set the string value of the element indexed by a PMC key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_string_keyed_int

void set_string_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key, STRING* value)

Set the string value of the element indexed by an integer key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_string_keyed_str

void set_string_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key, STRING* value)

Set the string value of the element indexed by a string key. The key is guaranteed not to be NULL for this function.

set_pmc_keyed

void set_pmc_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key, PMC* value)

Set the value of the element indexed by a PMC key, by copying the value of another PMC.

set_pmc_keyed_int

void set_pmc_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key, PMC* value)

Set the PMC value of the element indexed by an integer key, by copying the value of another PMC.

set_pmc_keyed_str

void set_pmc_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key, PMC* value)

Set the PMC value of the element indexed by a string key, by copying the value of another PMC.

set_pointer_keyed

void set_pointer_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key, void* value)

Set the pointer value of the element indexed by a PMC key.

set_pointer_keyed_int

void set_pointer_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key, void* value)

Set the pointer value of the element indexed by an integer key.

set_pointer_keyed_str

void set_pointer_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key, void* value)

Set the pointer value of the element indexed by a string key.

INTVAL type_keyed(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* key)

Return the type number of the PMC indexed by a PMC key. The key parameter is guaranteed not to be NULL for this method.

INTVAL type_keyed_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL key)

Return the type number of the PMC indexed by an integer key. The key parameter is guaranteed not to be NULL for this method.

INTVAL type_keyed_str(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* key)

Return the type number of the PMC indexed by a string key. The key parameter is guaranteed not to be NULL for this method.

pop_integer

INTVAL pop_integer(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the integer value of the last item on the list, removing that item.

pop_float

FLOATVAL pop_float(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the floating-point value of the last item on the list, removing that item.

pop_string

STRING* pop_string(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the string value of the last item on the list, removing that item.

pop_pmc

PMC* pop_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the PMC value of the last item on the list, removing that item.

push_integer

void push_integer(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value)

Add the passed in integer value to the end of the list.

push_float

void push_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value)

Add the passed in floating-point number to the end of the list.

push_string

void push_string(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* value)

Add the passed in string to the end of the list.

push_pmc

void push_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Add the passed in PMC to the end of the list.

shift_integer

INTVAL shift_integer(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the integer value of the first item on the list, removing that item.

shift_float

FLOATVAL shift_float(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the floating-point value of the first item on the list, removing that item.

shift_string

STRING* shift_string(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the string value of the first item on the list, removing that item.

shift_pmc

PMC* shift_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self)

Return the PMC value of the first item on the list, removing that item.

unshift_integer

void unshift_integer(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value)

Add the passed in integer value to the beginning of the list.

unshift_float

void unshift_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value)

Add the passed in floating-point number to the beginning of the list.

unshift_string

void unshift_string(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* value)

Add the passed in string to the beginning of the list.

unshift_pmc

void unshift_pmc(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)

Add the passed in PMC to the beginning of the list.

splice

void splice(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, INTVAL offset, INTVAL count)

Replace the count PMCs at offset offset from the beginning of self with the PMCs in the aggregate value.

exists_keyed

exists_keyed_int

exists_keyed_str

defined_keyed

defined_keyed_int

defined_keyed_str

dtem delete_keyed_str

nextkey_keyed

nextkey_keyed_itr_str

Math Vtable Functions

add

void add(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
void add_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)
void add_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value, PMC* dest)

Add the value of self to the value of a PMC, native integer, or native floating-point number and store the result in a PMC dest. Note that dest may be the same PMC as self; in that case optimizations may be made.

subtract

PMC* subtract(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
PMC* subtract_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)
PMC* subtract_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value, PMC* dest)

Subtract the value of a PMC, native integer, or native floating-point number from a PMC and store the result in dest. If dest is NULL create a result PMC of an appropriate type. Note that dest may be the same PMC as self; in that case optimizations may be made.

i_subtract

void i_subtract(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value)
void i_subtract_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value)
void i_subtract_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value)

Inplace operation: subtract a PMC, native integer, or native floating-point number from the value of a PMC and store the result back in the same PMC.

increment

decrement

multiply

void multiply(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
void multiply_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)
void multiply_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value, PMC* dest)

Multiply a PMC, native integer, or floating-point value by the value of the PMC self and store the result in the dest PMC. Note that dest may be the same PMC as self; in that case optimizations may be made.

divide

void divide(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
void divide_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)
void divide_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value, PMC* dest)

Divide the value of the self PMC by a PMC, native integer, or native floating-point number and store the result in dest. Note that dest may be the same PMC as self; in that case optimizations may be made.

modulus

void modulus(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
void modulus_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)
void modulus_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value, PMC* dest)

Divide the value of the self PMC by the value of a PMC, native integer, or native floating-point number and store the remainder in dest. Note that dest may be the same PMC as self; in that case optimizations may be made.

cmodulus

void cmodulus(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
void cmodulus_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)
void cmodulus_float(INTERP, PMC* self, FLOATVAL value, PMC* dest)

Note that modulus uses Knuth's "corrected mod" algorithm, as implemented in src/utils.c, while cmodulus uses the C-style fmod function.

neg

void neg(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* dest)

Negate the sign of self and store the result in dest. Note that self and dest may refer to the same PMC, in which case optimizations may be made.

Logical Vtable Functions

bitwise_or

void bitwise_or(INTERP, PMC* self, PMC* value, PMC* dest)
void bitwise_or_int(INTERP, PMC* self, INTVAL value, PMC* dest)

Calculate the bitwise-OR of the value of the self PMC and the value of a PMC or native integer and store the result in dest. Note that dest may be the same PMC as self; in that case optimizations may be made. [Question: what happens when the self and value PMCs aren't integers?]

bitwise_and

bitwise_and_int

bitwise_xor

bitwise_xor_int

bitwise_ors

bitwise_ors_str

bitwise_ands

bitwise_ands_str

bitwise_xors

bitwise_xors_str

bitwise_not

bitwise_shl

bitwise_shl_int

bitwise_shr

bitwise_shr_int

is_equal

is_same

cmp

cmp_num

cmp_string

logical_or

logical_and

logical_xor

logical_not

String Vtable Functions

concatenate
concatenate_native
repeat
repeat_int

Code Vtable Functions

invoke
fsh
visit
share

Class/Object Vtable Functions

can
does
isa
add_method
add_attribute
get_attr
set_attr
add_parent
add_role
PMC* find_method(INTERP, PMC* self, STRING* method_name): Return a subroutine PMC for the passed method name. This subroutine PMC may be cached, so the method must return an equivalent sub PMC each time, or be capable of dealing with the returned sub PMCs being reused. [Why should it be cached? Can you turn off caching? What if you want to override find_method to generate methods on the fly?]

Interaction between PMCs and high-level objects

{{ Address the problem of high-level objects inheriting from low-level PMCs, and any structural changes to low-level PMCs that might require. }}

If a low-level PMC expects to be overridden by high-level classes (which means all the core low-level PMC types), it must respect a standard interface. It must implement the get_attr and set_attr vtable entries for any core attributes it expects to be accessible to subclasses.

Subclassing a low-level class from a high-level class makes an entry in the high-level class's list of parents. This entry is a proxy class object for the low-level PMC class that provides access to the low-level PMC's vtable (including the implementations of get_attr and set_attr), and defines the storage that the low-level object will need within the high-level object (this could be as simple as a single PMC attribute that is an instance of the low-level class).

Core PMCs

Parrot has a number of core PMC types that all programs can guarantee will be available to them. (With the possible exception of Parrot programs executing on an embedded device or other restricted environment)

Scalar types

Undef

This is the generic no-value type. It has a numeric value of zero, a string value of empty string, and a boolean value of false. It will, on assignment, turn itself into a PMC of the source type, or if assigned a basic type will turn itself into one of the wrapper PMC types (detailed below) for the basic types.

Integer

The PMC wrapper for Parrot's low-level integer type. Always an integer, with other types auto-converted to an integer when stored into this PMC. The range and behaviour of the Integer PMC is identical to the platform low-level integer.

The boolean value for an Integer is false if zero, otherwise true.

Floating point, string, and bignum values assigned to an Integer PMC round to the nearest integer. Floats, or strings which resolve to numbers, cap at the platform maximum or minimum integer value.

Integer PMCs take on a value of 1 if a boolean true is assigned, and a value of 0 if a boolean false is assigned.

If an out-of-range value is assigned to an Integer PMC, the PMC will throw an exception if exact math is enabled.

Float

The PMC wrapper for Parrot's low-level floating-point type. Always a float, with other types autoconverted to a float when stored into this PMC.

The boolean value for a Float is false if exactly zero, otherwise true.

When converted to an integer, floats round to the closest integer, capping at the platform maximum or minimum integer value.

When converting to a string, floats use the platform default snprintf format.

String

The PMC wrapper for Parrot's low-level string type. Always a simple string, with other types autoconverted to a string when stored into this PMC.

The boolean value for a String is false if empty or the string '0' (a one character string holding a zero) otherwise true. This PMC autoconverts to an integer or float when its integer or float value is fetched.

Boolean

A true/false value. Returns 0 for false, 1 for true when fetched as an integer or float, empty string for false and '1' for true when fetched as a string.

{{ IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: move the definitions of the Python constants "True" and "False" out of src/pmc/boolean.pmc. They belong in HLL-specific code, not in the core boolean type. }}

BigInt

An arbitrary precision integer.

BigNum

The PMC wrapper for Parrot's low-level BigNum type. {{ NOTE: this type doesn't seem to exist. }}

Complex

A complex number, consisting of a real part and an imaginary part. {{ NOTE: is this a complete and useful implementation of complex numbers? }}

ParrotClass

The PMC for Parrot's class. (Note that this may go away if we ultimately make all classes just objects)

ParrotObject

The PMC for Parrot's base object type.

Ref

The PMC that represents a reference to another PMC. Delegates all functions to the referred-to PMC.

AggregateElementRef

This PMC represents a reference to an element contained in an aggregate PMC type, such as an array or hash. It is initialized with the key being referenced and the aggregate PMC containing that key.

Note that assigning to the reference PMC will be equivalent to a keyed set on the referenced aggregate PMC - that is, it modifies the element rather than doing a v-table call on the element itself. It is important to be aware of this when assigning a PMC through this reference; it is not the same behaviour as the Ref PMC.

WeakRegisterRef

This PMC represents a weak reference to a register. Should the reference live beyond the context containing the register that it references, any attempt to use the reference will throw an exception.

A weak register reference can only be created by the register_ref opcode. Any assignment to the register will behave like a set instruction. That is, when assigning a PMC using a WeakRegisterRef PMC, the register will be updated to reference that PMC rather than calling the assign v-table call on the PMC in that register. This is not the same behaviour as the Ref PMC.

Random

A singleton PMC that generates a random number. {{ NOTE: Why do we have this? }}

Array types

Note that for the following types you can set the size of the array by using the VTABLE_set_integer_native() method. Assigning an integer to the array as a whole sets the array to that size.

Size-changing operations (such as push, pop, shift, unshift, and splice) on statically-sized arrays will throw an exception.

Array: The base class for all array types (a statically sized array for any arbitrary type). New array types can be derived from the base Array. In user code it is recommended to use one of the specific array types below, rather than the base type.
FixedBooleanArray: A statically sized array which holds only Boolean values.
ResizableBooleanArray: A dynamically sized array which holds only Boolean values.
FixedIntegerArray: A statically sized array which holds only Integer values.
ResizableIntegerArray: A dynamically sized array which holds only Integer values.
FixedFloatArray: A statically sized array which holds only Float values.
ResizableFloatArray: A dynamically sized array which holds only Float values.
FixedPMCArray: A statically sized array which holds only PMC values.
ResizablePMCArray: A dynamically sized array which holds only PMC values.
FixedStringArray: A statically sized array which holds only String values.
ResizableStringArray: A dynamically sized array which holds only String values.
Exception

Hash types

Hash

A container with key-value semantics. The values are PMCs.

Env

Env is a singleton PMC class, that is there is only one Env PMC in any interpreter. This PMC gives access to the process' environment variables--reading from it returns the value of the named process environment variable, while writing to it sets the value of a process environment variable. For example, to retrieve the current value of TERM (the terminal type on most Unix systems):

new P1, .Env
set S1, P1['TERM']

Note that an embedding system may override this behavior.

Namespace

OrderedHash

AddrRegistry

Simulates reference counting for dead-object detection and garbage collection.

Subroutine types

Sub
Closure: A closure: subroutine object plus captured lexical scope.
Coroutine
Continuation
CSub
Eval
Exception_Handler
MultiSub
NCI: A native call interface wrapper around a C function.
Bound_NCI: An internal NCI method call bound to a particular call instance. {{ NOTE: where are these used? }}
Compiler: A subroutine implementing a language compiler. (Derived from NCI.)

ATTACHMENTS

None.

FOOTNOTES

None.

REFERENCES

None.

To install Parrot::Op, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Parrot::Op

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Parrot::Op

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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REFERENCES

Module Install Instructions