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package Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor;
use 5.006;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Class::Tiny;
use Types::TypeTiny ();
our $VERSION = '0.000015';
# Docs {{{1
HideShow 113 lines of Pod
=head1 NAME
Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor - Generate Class::Tiny accessors that apply type constraints
=head1 SYNOPSIS
L<Class::Tiny> uses custom accessors if they are defined before the
C<use Class::Tiny> statement in a package.  This module creates custom
accessors that behave as standard C<Class::Tiny> accessors except that
they apply type constraints (C<isa> relationships).  Type constraints
can come from L<Type::Tiny>, L<MooseX::Types>, L<MooX::Types::MooseLike>,
L<MouseX::Types>, or L<Specio>.  Alternatively, constraints can be applied
using the technique described in
L<"Constraints without a type system"|/CONSTRAINTS WITHOUT A TYPE SYSTEM>.
Example of a class using this package:
    package SampleClass;
    use Scalar::Util qw(looks_like_number);
    use Type::Tiny;
    # Create the type constraint
    use vars::i '$MediumInteger' = Type::Tiny->new(
        name => 'MediumInteger',
        constraint => sub { looks_like_number($_) and $_ >= 10 and $_ < 20 }
    );
    use Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor {
        medint => $MediumInteger,           # create accessor sub medint()
        med_with_default => $MediumInteger,
    };
    # After using ConstrainedAccessor, actually define the class attributes.
    use Class::Tiny qw(medint regular), {
        med_with_default => 12,
    };
=head1 CONSTRAINTS WITHOUT A TYPE SYSTEM
If you don't want to use L<Type::Tiny> or one of the other type systems listed
above, you can create your own constraints as two-element arrayrefs.  Example:
    use Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor
        'field' => [ \&checker_sub, \&message_sub ];
C<checker_sub> and C<message_sub> are used as follows to check C<$value>:
    checker_sub($value) or die get_message($value);
Therefore, C<checker_sub> must return truthy if C<$_[0]> passes the constraint,
or else falsy.  C<get_message> must return something that can be passed to
C<die()>, when given a C<$_[0]> that has failed the constraint.
If your profile ever tells you that constraint-checks are on the critical
path, try custom constraints.  They may give you more control or opportunity
for optimization than general-purpose type systems.
=head1 SUBROUTINES
=head2 import
Creates the accessors you have requested.  Constraints can be passed as a list
or hashref of variable/constraint pairs.  Basic usage:
    # Constraints are passed as a list of pairs
    use Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor
        name => constraint
        [, name2 => constraint ...]; # ... any number of name=>constraint pairs
    # Constraints are passed as a hashref
    use Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor {
        name => constraint,
        [, name2 => constraint ...]; # ... any number of name=>constraint pairs
    };
This also creates a L<BUILD()|Class::Tiny/BUILD> subroutine to check the
constructor parameters, if a C<BUILD()> doesn't already exist.
If a C<BUILD()> does exist (e.g., you said C<use subs 'BUILD';>), this package
will create the same function, taking the same parameters as C<BUILD()> would,
but call it C<_check_all_constraints()>.   You can call this checker from your
own C<BUILD()> if you want to.
=head1 OPTIONS
To specify options, pass an B<arrayref> as the first argument on the `use`
line.  This is because a hashref carries attributes and constraints.
For example:
    use Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor [ OPTION=>value ],
        name => constraint ...;
Valid options are:
=over
=item NOBUILD
If C<< NOBUILD => 1 >> is given, the constructor-parameter-checker
is created as C<_check_all_constraints> regardless of whether C<BUILD()>
exists or not.  Example:
    package MyClass;
    use Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor
        [NOBUILD => 1],
        foo => SomeConstraint;
    # Now $object->_check_all_constraints($args) exists, but not BUILD().
=back
=cut
# }}}1
sub import {
    my $target = caller;
    my $package = shift;
    my %opts = ();
    %opts = @{+shift} if ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY';
    my %constraints;
    if (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' && scalar @_ == 1) {
        %constraints = %{$_[0]};
    } else {
        die "Need 'name => \$Constraint' pairs" if @_%2;
        %constraints = @_;
    }
    # --- Make the accessors ---
    my %accessors;  # constraint => [checker, get_message]
    foreach my $k (keys(%constraints)) {
        my $constraint = $constraints{$k};
        my ($checker, $get_message) =
                _get_constraint_sub($k, $constraint); # dies on failure
        my $accessor = _make_accessor($k, $checker, $get_message);
        $accessors{$k} = [$checker, $get_message];      # Save for BUILD()
        { # Install the accessor
            no strict 'refs';
            *{ "$target\::$k" } = $accessor;
        }
    } #foreach constraint
    # --- Make BUILD ---
    my $has_build =
        do { no warnings 'once'; no strict 'refs'; *{"$target\::BUILD"}{CODE} }
        || $opts{NOBUILD};  # NOBUILD => pretend BUILD() already exists.
    my $build = _make_build(%accessors);
    {
        no strict 'refs';
        *{ $has_build ? "$target\::_check_all_constraints" :
                        "$target\::BUILD" } = $build;
    }
} #import()
# _get_constraint_sub: Get the subroutine for a constraint.
# Takes the constraint name (for debug messages) and the constraint.
# Returns two coderefs: checker and get_message.
sub _get_constraint_sub {
    my ($type_name, $type) = @_;
    # Get type's name, if any
    my $name = eval { $type->can('name') || $type->can('description') };
    $name = $type->$name() if $name;
    # Set default message
    $name = $type_name unless $name;
    my $default_get_message = sub { "Value is not a $name" };
    # Handle the custom-constraint format
    if(ref $type eq 'ARRAY') {
        die "Custom constraint $type_name must have two elements: checker, get_message"
            unless scalar @$type == 2;
        die "$type_name: checker must be a subroutine" unless ref($type->[0]) eq 'CODE';
        die "$type_name: get_message must be a subroutine" unless ref($type->[1]) eq 'CODE';
        return @$type;
    }
    # Handle MooX::Types::MooseLike as well as other types of coderef.
    # $orig_coderef may indicate failure by dying or returning 0 ---
    # there's no way to know.  We assume that:
    #   - Express undef is success (e.g., MooX::Types::MooseLike)
    #   - die() is failure (ditto)
    #   - Returning a defined value is a success/failure indication
    #     (as expected by Types::TypeTiny::to_TypeTiny(\&)).
    if(ref $type eq 'CODE') {
        my $orig_coderef = $type;
        my $new_type = sub {
            local $@;
            my $is_ok = eval { $orig_coderef->(@_) };
            if($@) {
                $is_ok = 0;                     # die() => failure
            } elsif(!defined $is_ok) {
                $is_ok = 1;                     # undef => success
            }
            return $is_ok;
        };
        $type = $new_type;
    }
    my $impl = Types::TypeTiny::to_TypeTiny($type);
    die "I couldn't understand the constraint for $type_name"
        unless ref $impl eq 'Type::Tiny';
    return ( $impl->compiled_check(), sub { $impl->get_message($_[0]) } );
} #_get_constraint_sub()
# _make_accessor($name, \&checker, \&get_message): Make an accessor.
sub _make_accessor {
    my ($k, $checker, $get_message) = @_;
    # The accessor --- modified from the Class::Tiny docs based on
    # the source for C::T::__gen_accessor() and C::T::__gen_sub_body().
    return sub {
        my $self_ = shift;
        if (@_) {                               # Set
            $checker->($_[0]) or die $get_message->($_[0]);
            return $self_->{$k} = $_[0];
        } elsif ( exists $self_->{$k} ) {       # Get
            return $self_->{$k};
        } else {                                # Get default
            my $defaults_ =
                Class::Tiny->get_all_attribute_defaults_for( ref $self_ );
            my $def_ = $defaults_->{$k};
            $def_ = $def_->() if ref $def_ eq 'CODE';
            $checker->($def_) or die $get_message->($def_);
            return $self_->{$k} = $def_;
        }
    }; #accessor()
} #_make_accessor()
# _make_build(%accessors): Make a BUILD subroutine that will check
# the constraints from the constructor arguments.
# The resulting subroutine takes ($self, {args}).
sub _make_build {
    my %accessors = @_;
    return sub {
        my ($self, $args) = @_;
        foreach my $k (keys %$args) {
            next unless exists $accessors{$k};
            my ($checker, $get_message) = @{$accessors{$k}};
            $checker->($args->{$k}) or die $get_message->($args->{$k});
        }
    } #BUILD()
} #_make_build()
1; # End of Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor
# Rest of the docs {{{1
__END__
HideShow 50 lines of Pod
=head1 AUTHORS
Created by Christopher White, C<< <cxwembedded at gmail.com> >>.  Thanks to
Toby Inkster (TOBYINK) and Ivan Butorin (FISHBONE) for code contributions.
=head1 BUGS
Please report any bugs or feature requests through the GitHub Issues interface
at L<https://github.com/cxw42/Class-Tiny-ConstrainedAccessor/issues>.  I will be
notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as
I make changes.
=head1 SUPPORT
You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.
    perldoc Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor
You can also look for information at:
=over 4
=item * GitHub (report bugs here)
L<https://github.com/cxw42/Class-Tiny-ConstrainedAccessor>
=item * MetaCPAN
L<https://metacpan.org/pod/Class::Tiny::ConstrainedAccessor>
=back
=head1 LICENSE
Copyright 2019 Christopher White and contributors.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the the Apache License (2.0). You may obtain a
copy of the full license at:
L<https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
=cut
# }}}1
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