NAME

Path::Tiny - File path utility

VERSION

version 0.145

SYNOPSIS

use Path::Tiny;

# Creating Path::Tiny objects

my $dir = path("/tmp");
my $foo = path("foo.txt");

my $subdir = $dir->child("foo");
my $bar = $subdir->child("bar.txt");

# Stringifies as cleaned up path

my $file = path("./foo.txt");
print $file; # "foo.txt"

# Reading files

my $guts = $file->slurp;
   $guts = $file->slurp_utf8;

my @lines = $file->lines;
   @lines = $file->lines_utf8;

my ($head) = $file->lines( {count => 1} );
my ($tail) = $file->lines( {count => -1} );

# Writing files

$bar->spew( @data );
$bar->spew_utf8( @data );

# Reading directories

for ( $dir->children ) { ... }

my $iter = $dir->iterator;
while ( my $next = $iter->() ) { ... }

DESCRIPTION

This module provides a small, fast utility for working with file paths. It is friendlier to use than File::Spec and provides easy access to functions from several other core file handling modules. It aims to be smaller and faster than many alternatives on CPAN, while helping people do many common things in consistent and less error-prone ways.

Path::Tiny does not try to work for anything except Unix-like and Win32 platforms. Even then, it might break if you try something particularly obscure or tortuous. (Quick! What does this mean: ///../../..//./././a//b/.././c/././? And how does it differ on Win32?)

All paths are forced to have Unix-style forward slashes. Stringifying the object gives you back the path (after some clean up).

File input/output methods flock handles before reading or writing, as appropriate (if supported by the platform and/or filesystem).

The *_utf8 methods (slurp_utf8, lines_utf8, etc.) operate in raw mode. On Windows, that means they will not have CRLF translation from the :crlf IO layer. Installing Unicode::UTF8 0.58 or later will speed up *_utf8 situations in many cases and is highly recommended. Alternatively, installing PerlIO::utf8_strict 0.003 or later will be used in place of the default :encoding(UTF-8).

This module depends heavily on PerlIO layers for correct operation and thus requires Perl 5.008001 or later.

CONSTRUCTORS

path

$path = path("foo/bar");
$path = path("/tmp", "file.txt"); # list
$path = path(".");                # cwd

Constructs a Path::Tiny object. It doesn't matter if you give a file or directory path. It's still up to you to call directory-like methods only on directories and file-like methods only on files. This function is exported automatically by default.

The first argument must be defined and have non-zero length or an exception will be thrown. This prevents subtle, dangerous errors with code like path( maybe_undef() )->remove_tree.

DEPRECATED: If and only if the first character of the first argument to path is a tilde ('~'), then tilde replacement will be applied to the first path segment. A single tilde will be replaced with glob('~') and a tilde followed by a username will be replaced with output of glob('~username'). No other method does tilde expansion on its arguments. See "Tilde expansion (deprecated)" for more.

On Windows, if the path consists of a drive identifier without a path component (C: or D:), it will be expanded to the absolute path of the current directory on that volume using Cwd::getdcwd().

If called with a single Path::Tiny argument, the original is returned unless the original is holding a temporary file or directory reference in which case a stringified copy is made.

$path = path("foo/bar");
$temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile;

$p2 = path($path); # like $p2 = $path
$t2 = path($temp); # like $t2 = path( "$temp" )

This optimizes copies without proliferating references unexpectedly if a copy is made by code outside your control.

Current API available since 0.017.

new

$path = Path::Tiny->new("foo/bar");

This is just like path, but with method call overhead. (Why would you do that?)

Current API available since 0.001.

cwd

$path = Path::Tiny->cwd; # path( Cwd::getcwd )
$path = cwd; # optional export

Gives you the absolute path to the current directory as a Path::Tiny object. This is slightly faster than path(".")->absolute.

cwd may be exported on request and used as a function instead of as a method.

Current API available since 0.018.

rootdir

$path = Path::Tiny->rootdir; # /
$path = rootdir;             # optional export

Gives you File::Spec->rootdir as a Path::Tiny object if you're too picky for path("/").

rootdir may be exported on request and used as a function instead of as a method.

Current API available since 0.018.

tempfile, tempdir

$temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile( @options );
$temp = Path::Tiny->tempdir( @options );
$temp = $dirpath->tempfile( @options );
$temp = $dirpath->tempdir( @options );
$temp = tempfile( @options ); # optional export
$temp = tempdir( @options );  # optional export

tempfile passes the options to File::Temp->new and returns a Path::Tiny object with the file name. The TMPDIR option will be enabled by default, but you can override that by passing TMPDIR => 0 along with the options. (If you use an absolute TEMPLATE option, you will want to disable TMPDIR.)

The resulting File::Temp object is cached. When the Path::Tiny object is destroyed, the File::Temp object will be as well.

File::Temp annoyingly requires you to specify a custom template in slightly different ways depending on which function or method you call, but Path::Tiny lets you ignore that and can take either a leading template or a TEMPLATE option and does the right thing.

$temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile( "customXXXXXXXX" );             # ok
$temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile( TEMPLATE => "customXXXXXXXX" ); # ok

The tempfile path object will be normalized to have an absolute path, even if created in a relative directory using DIR. If you want it to have the realpath instead, pass a leading options hash like this:

$real_temp = tempfile({realpath => 1}, @options);

tempdir is just like tempfile, except it calls File::Temp->newdir instead.

Both tempfile and tempdir may be exported on request and used as functions instead of as methods.

The methods can be called on an instances representing a directory. In this case, the directory is used as the base to create the temporary file/directory, setting the DIR option in File::Temp.

my $target_dir = path('/to/destination');
my $tempfile = $target_dir->tempfile('foobarXXXXXX');
$tempfile->spew('A lot of data...');  # not atomic
$tempfile->move($target_dir->child('foobar')); # hopefully atomic

In this case, any value set for option DIR is ignored.

Note: for tempfiles, the filehandles from File::Temp are closed and not reused. This is not as secure as using File::Temp handles directly, but is less prone to deadlocks or access problems on some platforms. Think of what Path::Tiny gives you to be just a temporary file name that gets cleaned up.

Note 2: if you don't want these cleaned up automatically when the object is destroyed, File::Temp requires different options for directories and files. Use CLEANUP => 0 for directories and UNLINK => 0 for files.

Note 3: Don't lose the temporary object by chaining a method call instead of storing it:

my $lost = tempdir()->child("foo"); # tempdir cleaned up right away

Note 4: The cached object may be accessed with the "cached_temp" method. Keeping a reference to, or modifying the cached object may break the behavior documented above and is not supported. Use at your own risk.

Current API available since 0.119.

METHODS

absolute

$abs = path("foo/bar")->absolute;
$abs = path("foo/bar")->absolute("/tmp");

Returns a new Path::Tiny object with an absolute path (or itself if already absolute). If no argument is given, the current directory is used as the absolute base path. If an argument is given, it will be converted to an absolute path (if it is not already) and used as the absolute base path.

This will not resolve upward directories ("foo/../bar") unless canonpath in File::Spec would normally do so on your platform. If you need them resolved, you must call the more expensive realpath method instead.

On Windows, an absolute path without a volume component will have it added based on the current drive.

Current API available since 0.101.

append, append_raw, append_utf8

path("foo.txt")->append(@data);
path("foo.txt")->append(\@data);
path("foo.txt")->append({binmode => ":raw"}, @data);
path("foo.txt")->append_raw(@data);
path("foo.txt")->append_utf8(@data);

Appends data to a file. The file is locked with flock prior to writing and closed afterwards. An optional hash reference may be used to pass options. Valid options are:

binmode: passed to binmode() on the handle used for writing.
truncate: truncates the file after locking and before appending

The truncate option is a way to replace the contents of a file in place, unlike "spew" which writes to a temporary file and then replaces the original (if it exists).

append_raw is like append with a binmode of :unix for a fast, unbuffered, raw write.

append_utf8 is like append with an unbuffered binmode :unix:encoding(UTF-8) (or :unix:utf8_strict with PerlIO::utf8_strict). If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, an unbuffered, raw append will be done instead on the data encoded with Unicode::UTF8.

Current API available since 0.060.

assert

$path = path("foo.txt")->assert( sub { $_->exists } );

Returns the invocant after asserting that a code reference argument returns true. When the assertion code reference runs, it will have the invocant object in the $_ variable. If it returns false, an exception will be thrown. The assertion code reference may also throw its own exception.

If no assertion is provided, the invocant is returned without error.

Current API available since 0.062.

basename

$name = path("foo/bar.txt")->basename;        # bar.txt
$name = path("foo.txt")->basename('.txt');    # foo
$name = path("foo.txt")->basename(qr/.txt/);  # foo
$name = path("foo.txt")->basename(@suffixes);

Returns the file portion or last directory portion of a path.

Given a list of suffixes as strings or regular expressions, any that match at the end of the file portion or last directory portion will be removed before the result is returned.

Current API available since 0.054.

canonpath

$canonical = path("foo/bar")->canonpath; # foo\bar on Windows

Returns a string with the canonical format of the path name for the platform. In particular, this means directory separators will be \ on Windows.

Current API available since 0.001.

cached_temp

Returns the cached File::Temp or File::Temp::Dir object if the Path::Tiny object was created with /tempfile or /tempdir. If there is no such object, this method throws.

WARNING: Keeping a reference to, or modifying the cached object may break the behavior documented for temporary files and directories created with Path::Tiny and is not supported. Use at your own risk.

Current API available since 0.101.

child

$file = path("/tmp")->child("foo.txt"); # "/tmp/foo.txt"
$file = path("/tmp")->child(@parts);

Returns a new Path::Tiny object relative to the original. Works like catfile or catdir from File::Spec, but without caring about file or directories.

WARNING: because the argument could contain .. or refer to symlinks, there is no guarantee that the new path refers to an actual descendent of the original. If this is important to you, transform parent and child with "realpath" and check them with "subsumes".

Current API available since 0.001.

children

@paths = path("/tmp")->children;
@paths = path("/tmp")->children( qr/\.txt\z/ );

Returns a list of Path::Tiny objects for all files and directories within a directory. Excludes "." and ".." automatically.

If an optional qr// argument is provided, it only returns objects for child names that match the given regular expression. Only the base name is used for matching:

@paths = path("/tmp")->children( qr/^foo/ );
# matches children like the glob foo*

Current API available since 0.028.

chmod

path("foo.txt")->chmod(0777);
path("foo.txt")->chmod("0755");
path("foo.txt")->chmod("go-w");
path("foo.txt")->chmod("a=r,u+wx");

Sets file or directory permissions. The argument can be a numeric mode, a octal string beginning with a "0" or a limited subset of the symbolic mode use by /bin/chmod.

The symbolic mode must be a comma-delimited list of mode clauses. Clauses must match qr/\A([augo]+)([=+-])([rwx]+)\z/, which defines "who", "op" and "perms" parameters for each clause. Unlike /bin/chmod, all three parameters are required for each clause, multiple ops are not allowed and permissions stugoX are not supported. (See File::chmod for more complex needs.)

Current API available since 0.053.

copy

path("/tmp/foo.txt")->copy("/tmp/bar.txt");

Copies the current path to the given destination using File::Copy's copy function. Upon success, returns the Path::Tiny object for the newly copied file.

Current API available since 0.070.

digest

$obj = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->digest;        # SHA-256
$obj = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->digest("MD5"); # user-selected
$obj = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->digest( { chunk_size => 1e6 }, "MD5" );

Returns a hexadecimal digest for a file. An optional hash reference of options may be given. The only option is chunk_size. If chunk_size is given, that many bytes will be read at a time. If not provided, the entire file will be slurped into memory to compute the digest.

Any subsequent arguments are passed to the constructor for Digest to select an algorithm. If no arguments are given, the default is SHA-256.

Current API available since 0.056.

dirname (deprecated)

$name = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->dirname; # "/tmp/"

Returns the directory portion you would get from calling File::Spec->splitpath( $path->stringify ) or "." for a path without a parent directory portion. Because File::Spec is inconsistent, the result might or might not have a trailing slash. Because of this, this method is deprecated.

A better, more consistently approach is likely $path->parent->stringify, which will not have a trailing slash except for a root directory.

Deprecated in 0.056.

edit, edit_raw, edit_utf8

path("foo.txt")->edit( \&callback, $options );
path("foo.txt")->edit_utf8( \&callback );
path("foo.txt")->edit_raw( \&callback );

These are convenience methods that allow "editing" a file using a single callback argument. They slurp the file using slurp, place the contents inside a localized $_ variable, call the callback function (without arguments), and then write $_ (presumably mutated) back to the file with spew.

An optional hash reference may be used to pass options. The only option is binmode, which is passed to slurp and spew.

edit_utf8 and edit_raw act like their respective slurp_* and spew_* methods.

Current API available since 0.077.

edit_lines, edit_lines_utf8, edit_lines_raw

path("foo.txt")->edit_lines( \&callback, $options );
path("foo.txt")->edit_lines_utf8( \&callback );
path("foo.txt")->edit_lines_raw( \&callback );

These are convenience methods that allow "editing" a file's lines using a single callback argument. They iterate over the file: for each line, the line is put into a localized $_ variable, the callback function is executed (without arguments) and then $_ is written to a temporary file. When iteration is finished, the temporary file is atomically renamed over the original.

An optional hash reference may be used to pass options. The only option is binmode, which is passed to the method that open handles for reading and writing.

edit_lines_raw is like edit_lines with a buffered binmode of :raw.

edit_lines_utf8 is like edit_lines with a buffered binmode :raw:encoding(UTF-8) (or :raw:utf8_strict with PerlIO::utf8_strict).

Current API available since 0.077.

exists, is_file, is_dir

if ( path("/tmp")->exists ) { ... }     # -e
if ( path("/tmp")->is_dir ) { ... }     # -d
if ( path("/tmp")->is_file ) { ... }    # -e && ! -d

Implements file test operations, this means the file or directory actually has to exist on the filesystem. Until then, it's just a path.

Note: is_file is not -f because -f is not the opposite of -d. -f means "plain file", excluding symlinks, devices, etc. that often can be read just like files.

Use -f instead if you really mean to check for a plain file.

Current API available since 0.053.

filehandle

$fh = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->filehandle($mode, $binmode);
$fh = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->filehandle({ locked => 1 }, $mode, $binmode);
$fh = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->filehandle({ exclusive => 1  }, $mode, $binmode);

Returns an open file handle. The $mode argument must be a Perl-style read/write mode string ("<" ,">", ">>", etc.). If a $binmode is given, it is set during the open call.

An optional hash reference may be used to pass options.

The locked option governs file locking; if true, handles opened for writing, appending or read-write are locked with LOCK_EX; otherwise, they are locked with LOCK_SH. When using locked, ">" or "+>" modes will delay truncation until after the lock is acquired.

The exclusive option causes the open() call to fail if the file already exists. This corresponds to the O_EXCL flag to sysopen / open(2). exclusive implies locked and will set it for you if you forget it.

See openr, openw, openrw, and opena for sugar.

Current API available since 0.066.

has_same_bytes

if ( path("foo.txt")->has_same_bytes("bar.txt") ) {
   # ...
}

This method returns true if both the invocant and the argument can be opened as file handles and the handles contain the same bytes. It returns false if their contents differ. If either can't be opened as a file (e.g. a directory or non-existent file), the method throws an exception. If both can be opened and both have the same realpath, the method returns true without scanning any data.

Current API available since 0.125.

is_absolute, is_relative

if ( path("/tmp")->is_absolute ) { ... }
if ( path("/tmp")->is_relative ) { ... }

Booleans for whether the path appears absolute or relative.

Current API available since 0.001.

is_rootdir

while ( ! $path->is_rootdir ) {
    $path = $path->parent;
    ...
}

Boolean for whether the path is the root directory of the volume. I.e. the dirname is q[/] and the basename is q[].

This works even on MSWin32 with drives and UNC volumes:

path("C:/")->is_rootdir;             # true
path("//server/share/")->is_rootdir; #true

Current API available since 0.038.

iterator

$iter = path("/tmp")->iterator( \%options );

Returns a code reference that walks a directory lazily. Each invocation returns a Path::Tiny object or undef when the iterator is exhausted.

$iter = path("/tmp")->iterator;
while ( $path = $iter->() ) {
    ...
}

The current and parent directory entries ("." and "..") will not be included.

If the recurse option is true, the iterator will walk the directory recursively, breadth-first. If the follow_symlinks option is also true, directory links will be followed recursively. There is no protection against loops when following links. If a directory is not readable, it will not be followed.

The default is the same as:

$iter = path("/tmp")->iterator( {
    recurse         => 0,
    follow_symlinks => 0,
} );

For a more powerful, recursive iterator with built-in loop avoidance, see Path::Iterator::Rule.

lines, lines_raw, lines_utf8

@contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines;
@contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines(\%options);
@contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines_raw;
@contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines_utf8;

@contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines( { chomp => 1, count => 4 } );

Returns a list of lines from a file. Optionally takes a hash-reference of options. Valid options are binmode, count and chomp.

If binmode is provided, it will be set on the handle prior to reading.

If a positive count is provided, that many lines will be returned from the start of the file. If a negative count is provided, the entire file will be read, but only abs(count) will be kept and returned. If abs(count) exceeds the number of lines in the file, all lines will be returned.

If chomp is set, any end-of-line character sequences (CR, CRLF, or LF) will be removed from the lines returned.

Because the return is a list, lines in scalar context will return the number of lines (and throw away the data).

$number_of_lines = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines;

lines_raw is like lines with a binmode of :raw. We use :raw instead of :unix so PerlIO buffering can manage reading by line.

lines_utf8 is like lines with a binmode of :raw:encoding(UTF-8) (or :raw:utf8_strict with PerlIO::utf8_strict). If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, a raw, unbuffered UTF-8 slurp will be done and then the lines will be split. This is actually faster than relying on IO layers, though a bit memory intensive. If memory use is a concern, consider openr_utf8 and iterating directly on the handle.

Current API available since 0.065.

mkdir

path("foo/bar/baz")->mkdir;
path("foo/bar/baz")->mkdir( \%options );

Like calling make_path from File::Path. An optional hash reference is passed through to make_path. Errors will be trapped and an exception thrown. Returns the the path object to facilitate chaining.

NOTE: unlike Perl's builtin mkdir, this will create intermediate paths similar to the Unix mkdir -p command. It will not error if applied to an existing directory.

Current API available since 0.125.

mkpath (deprecated)

Like calling mkdir, but returns the list of directories created or an empty list if the directories already exist, just like make_path.

Deprecated in 0.125.

move

path("foo.txt")->move("bar.txt");

Moves the current path to the given destination using File::Copy's move function. Upon success, returns the Path::Tiny object for the newly moved file.

If the destination already exists and is a directory, and the source is not a directory, then the source file will be renamed into the directory specified by the destination.

If possible, move() will simply rename the file. Otherwise, it copies the file to the new location and deletes the original. If an error occurs during this copy-and-delete process, you may be left with a (possibly partial) copy of the file under the destination name.

Current API available since 0.124. Prior versions used Perl's -built-in (and less robust) rename function and did not return an object.

openr, openw, openrw, opena

$fh = path("foo.txt")->openr($binmode);  # read
$fh = path("foo.txt")->openr_raw;
$fh = path("foo.txt")->openr_utf8;

$fh = path("foo.txt")->openw($binmode);  # write
$fh = path("foo.txt")->openw_raw;
$fh = path("foo.txt")->openw_utf8;

$fh = path("foo.txt")->opena($binmode);  # append
$fh = path("foo.txt")->opena_raw;
$fh = path("foo.txt")->opena_utf8;

$fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw($binmode); # read/write
$fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw_raw;
$fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw_utf8;

Returns a file handle opened in the specified mode. The openr style methods take a single binmode argument. All of the open* methods have open*_raw and open*_utf8 equivalents that use buffered I/O layers :raw and :raw:encoding(UTF-8) (or :raw:utf8_strict with PerlIO::utf8_strict).

An optional hash reference may be used to pass options. The only option is locked. If true, handles opened for writing, appending or read-write are locked with LOCK_EX; otherwise, they are locked for LOCK_SH.

$fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw_utf8( { locked => 1 } );

See "filehandle" for more on locking.

Current API available since 0.011.

parent

$parent = path("foo/bar/baz")->parent; # foo/bar
$parent = path("foo/wibble.txt")->parent; # foo

$parent = path("foo/bar/baz")->parent(2); # foo

Returns a Path::Tiny object corresponding to the parent directory of the original directory or file. An optional positive integer argument is the number of parent directories upwards to return. parent by itself is equivalent to parent(1).

Current API available since 0.014.

realpath

$real = path("/baz/foo/../bar")->realpath;
$real = path("foo/../bar")->realpath;

Returns a new Path::Tiny object with all symbolic links and upward directory parts resolved using Cwd's realpath. Compared to absolute, this is more expensive as it must actually consult the filesystem.

If the parent path can't be resolved (e.g. if it includes directories that don't exist), an exception will be thrown:

$real = path("doesnt_exist/foo")->realpath; # dies

However, if the parent path exists and only the last component (e.g. filename) doesn't exist, the realpath will be the realpath of the parent plus the non-existent last component:

$real = path("./aasdlfasdlf")->realpath; # works

The underlying Cwd module usually worked this way on Unix, but died on Windows (and some Unixes) if the full path didn't exist. As of version 0.064, it's safe to use anywhere.

Current API available since 0.001.

relative

$rel = path("/tmp/foo/bar")->relative("/tmp"); # foo/bar

Returns a Path::Tiny object with a path relative to a new base path given as an argument. If no argument is given, the current directory will be used as the new base path.

If either path is already relative, it will be made absolute based on the current directly before determining the new relative path.

The algorithm is roughly as follows:

If the original and new base path are on different volumes, an exception will be thrown.
If the original and new base are identical, the relative path is ".".
If the new base subsumes the original, the relative path is the original path with the new base chopped off the front
If the new base does not subsume the original, a common prefix path is determined (possibly the root directory) and the relative path will consist of updirs ("..") to reach the common prefix, followed by the original path less the common prefix.

Unlike File::Spec::abs2rel, in the last case above, the calculation based on a common prefix takes into account symlinks that could affect the updir process. Given an original path "/A/B" and a new base "/A/C", (where "A", "B" and "C" could each have multiple path components):

Symlinks in "A" don't change the result unless the last component of A is a symlink and the first component of "C" is an updir.
Symlinks in "B" don't change the result and will exist in the result as given.
Symlinks and updirs in "C" must be resolved to actual paths, taking into account the possibility that not all path components might exist on the filesystem.

Current API available since 0.001. New algorithm (that accounts for symlinks) available since 0.079.

remove

path("foo.txt")->remove;

This is just like unlink, except for its error handling: if the path does not exist, it returns false; if deleting the file fails, it throws an exception.

Current API available since 0.012.

remove_tree

# directory
path("foo/bar/baz")->remove_tree;
path("foo/bar/baz")->remove_tree( \%options );
path("foo/bar/baz")->remove_tree( { safe => 0 } ); # force remove

Like calling remove_tree from File::Path, but defaults to safe mode. An optional hash reference is passed through to remove_tree. Errors will be trapped and an exception thrown. Returns the number of directories deleted, just like remove_tree.

If you want to remove a directory only if it is empty, use the built-in rmdir function instead.

rmdir path("foo/bar/baz/");

Current API available since 0.013.

sibling

$foo = path("/tmp/foo.txt");
$sib = $foo->sibling("bar.txt");        # /tmp/bar.txt
$sib = $foo->sibling("baz", "bam.txt"); # /tmp/baz/bam.txt

Returns a new Path::Tiny object relative to the parent of the original. This is slightly more efficient than $path->parent->child(...).

Current API available since 0.058.

size, size_human

my $p = path("foo"); # with size 1025 bytes

$p->size;                            # "1025"
$p->size_human;                      # "1.1 K"
$p->size_human( {format => "iec"} ); # "1.1 KiB"

Returns the size of a file. The size method is just a wrapper around -s.

The size_human method provides a human-readable string similar to ls -lh. Like ls, it rounds upwards and provides one decimal place for single-digit sizes and no decimal places for larger sizes. The only available option is format, which has three valid values:

'ls' (the default): base-2 sizes, with ls style single-letter suffixes (K, M, etc.)
'iec': base-2 sizes, with IEC binary suffixes (KiB, MiB, etc.)
'si': base-10 sizes, with SI decimal suffixes (kB, MB, etc.)

If -s would return undef, size_human returns the empty string.

Current API available since 0.122.

slurp, slurp_raw, slurp_utf8

$data = path("foo.txt")->slurp;
$data = path("foo.txt")->slurp( {binmode => ":raw"} );
$data = path("foo.txt")->slurp_raw;
$data = path("foo.txt")->slurp_utf8;

Reads file contents into a scalar. Takes an optional hash reference which may be used to pass options. The only available option is binmode, which is passed to binmode() on the handle used for reading.

slurp_raw is like slurp with a binmode of :unix for a fast, unbuffered, raw read.

slurp_utf8 is like slurp with a binmode of :unix:encoding(UTF-8) (or :unix:utf8_strict with PerlIO::utf8_strict). If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, a unbuffered, raw slurp will be done instead and the result decoded with Unicode::UTF8. This is just as strict and is roughly an order of magnitude faster than using :encoding(UTF-8).

Note: slurp and friends lock the filehandle before slurping. If you plan to slurp from a file created with File::Temp, be sure to close other handles or open without locking to avoid a deadlock:

my $tempfile = File::Temp->new(EXLOCK => 0);
my $guts = path($tempfile)->slurp;

Current API available since 0.004.

spew, spew_raw, spew_utf8

path("foo.txt")->spew(@data);
path("foo.txt")->spew(\@data);
path("foo.txt")->spew({binmode => ":raw"}, @data);
path("foo.txt")->spew_raw(@data);
path("foo.txt")->spew_utf8(@data);

Writes data to a file atomically. The file is written to a temporary file in the same directory, then renamed over the original. An optional hash reference may be used to pass options. The only option is binmode, which is passed to binmode() on the handle used for writing.

spew_raw is like spew with a binmode of :unix for a fast, unbuffered, raw write.

spew_utf8 is like spew with a binmode of :unix:encoding(UTF-8) (or :unix:utf8_strict with PerlIO::utf8_strict). If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, a raw, unbuffered spew will be done instead on the data encoded with Unicode::UTF8.

NOTE: because the file is written to a temporary file and then renamed, the new file will wind up with permissions based on your current umask. This is a feature to protect you from a race condition that would otherwise give different permissions than you might expect. If you really want to keep the original mode flags, use "append" with the truncate option.

Current API available since 0.011.

stat, lstat

$stat = path("foo.txt")->stat;
$stat = path("/some/symlink")->lstat;

Like calling stat or lstat from File::stat.

Current API available since 0.001.

stringify

$path = path("foo.txt");
say $path->stringify; # same as "$path"

Returns a string representation of the path. Unlike canonpath, this method returns the path standardized with Unix-style / directory separators.

Current API available since 0.001.

subsumes

path("foo/bar")->subsumes("foo/bar/baz"); # true
path("/foo/bar")->subsumes("/foo/baz");   # false

Returns true if the first path is a prefix of the second path at a directory boundary.

This does not resolve parent directory entries (..) or symlinks:

path("foo/bar")->subsumes("foo/bar/../baz"); # true

If such things are important to you, ensure that both paths are resolved to the filesystem with realpath:

my $p1 = path("foo/bar")->realpath;
my $p2 = path("foo/bar/../baz")->realpath;
if ( $p1->subsumes($p2) ) { ... }

Current API available since 0.048.

touch

path("foo.txt")->touch;
path("foo.txt")->touch($epoch_secs);

Like the Unix touch utility. Creates the file if it doesn't exist, or else changes the modification and access times to the current time. If the first argument is the epoch seconds then it will be used.

Returns the path object so it can be easily chained with other methods:

# won't die if foo.txt doesn't exist
$content = path("foo.txt")->touch->slurp;

Current API available since 0.015.

touchpath

path("bar/baz/foo.txt")->touchpath;

Combines mkdir and touch. Creates the parent directory if it doesn't exist, before touching the file. Returns the path object like touch does.

If you need to pass options, use mkdir and touch separately:

path("bar/baz")->mkdir( \%options )->child("foo.txt")->touch($epoch_secs);

Current API available since 0.022.

visit

path("/tmp")->visit( \&callback, \%options );

Executes a callback for each child of a directory. It returns a hash reference with any state accumulated during iteration.

The options are the same as for "iterator" (which it uses internally): recurse and follow_symlinks. Both default to false.

The callback function will receive a Path::Tiny object as the first argument and a hash reference to accumulate state as the second argument. For example:

# collect files sizes
my $sizes = path("/tmp")->visit(
    sub {
        my ($path, $state) = @_;
        return if $path->is_dir;
        $state->{$path} = -s $path;
    },
    { recurse => 1 }
);

For convenience, the Path::Tiny object will also be locally aliased as the $_ global variable:

# print paths matching /foo/
path("/tmp")->visit( sub { say if /foo/ }, { recurse => 1} );

If the callback returns a reference to a false scalar value, iteration will terminate. This is not the same as "pruning" a directory search; this just stops all iteration and returns the state hash reference.

# find up to 10 files larger than 100K
my $files = path("/tmp")->visit(
    sub {
        my ($path, $state) = @_;
        $state->{$path}++ if -s $path > 102400
        return \0 if keys %$state == 10;
    },
    { recurse => 1 }
);

If you want more flexible iteration, use a module like Path::Iterator::Rule.

Current API available since 0.062.

volume

$vol = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->volume;   # ""
$vol = path("C:/tmp/foo.txt")->volume; # "C:"

Returns the volume portion of the path. This is equivalent to what File::Spec would give from splitpath and thus usually is the empty string on Unix-like operating systems or the drive letter for an absolute path on MSWin32.

Current API available since 0.001.

EXCEPTION HANDLING

Simple usage errors will generally croak. Failures of underlying Perl functions will be thrown as exceptions in the class Path::Tiny::Error.

A Path::Tiny::Error object will be a hash reference with the following fields:

op — a description of the operation, usually function call and any extra info
file — the file or directory relating to the error
err — hold $! at the time the error was thrown
msg — a string combining the above data and a Carp-like short stack trace

Exception objects will stringify as the msg field.

ENVIRONMENT

PERL_PATH_TINY_NO_FLOCK

If the environment variable PERL_PATH_TINY_NO_FLOCK is set to a true value then flock will NOT be used when accessing files (this is not recommended).

CAVEATS

Subclassing not supported

For speed, this class is implemented as an array based object and uses many direct function calls internally. You must not subclass it and expect things to work properly.

Tilde expansion (deprecated)

Tilde expansion was a nice idea, but it can't easily be applied consistently across the entire API. This was a source of bugs and confusion for users. Therefore, it is deprecated and its use is discouraged. Limitations to the existing, legacy behavior follow.

Tilde expansion will only occur if the first argument to path begins with a tilde. No other method does tilde expansion on its arguments. If you want tilde expansion on arguments, you must explicitly wrap them in a call to path.

path( "~/foo.txt" )->copy( path( "~/bar.txt" ) );

If you need a literal leading tilde, use path("./~whatever") so that the argument to path doesn't start with a tilde, but the path still resolves to the current directory.

Behaviour of tilde expansion with a username for non-existent users depends on the output of glob on the system.

File locking

If flock is not supported on a platform, it will not be used, even if locking is requested.

In situations where a platform normally would support locking, but the flock fails due to a filesystem limitation, Path::Tiny has some heuristics to detect this and will warn once and continue in an unsafe mode. If you want this failure to be fatal, you can fatalize the 'flock' warnings category:

use warnings FATAL => 'flock';

See additional caveats below.

NFS and BSD

On BSD, Perl's flock implementation may not work to lock files on an NFS filesystem. If detected, this situation will warn once, as described above.

Lustre

The Lustre filesystem does not support flock. If detected, this situation will warn once, as described above.

AIX and locking

AIX requires a write handle for locking. Therefore, calls that normally open a read handle and take a shared lock instead will open a read-write handle and take an exclusive lock. If the user does not have write permission, no lock will be used.

utf8 vs UTF-8

All the *_utf8 methods by default use :encoding(UTF-8) -- either as :unix:encoding(UTF-8) (unbuffered, for whole file operations) or :raw:encoding(UTF-8) (buffered, for line-by-line operations). These are strict against the Unicode spec and disallows illegal Unicode codepoints or UTF-8 sequences.

Unfortunately, :encoding(UTF-8) is very, very slow. If you install Unicode::UTF8 0.58 or later, that module will be used by some *_utf8 methods to encode or decode data after a raw, binary input/output operation, which is much faster. Alternatively, if you install PerlIO::utf8_strict, that will be used instead of :encoding(UTF-8) and is also very fast.

If you need the performance and can accept the security risk, slurp({binmode => ":unix:utf8"}) will be faster than :unix:encoding(UTF-8) (but not as fast as Unicode::UTF8).

Note that the *_utf8 methods read in raw mode. There is no CRLF translation on Windows. If you must have CRLF translation, use the regular input/output methods with an appropriate binmode:

$path->spew_utf8($data);                            # raw
$path->spew({binmode => ":encoding(UTF-8)"}, $data; # LF -> CRLF

Default IO layers and the open pragma

If you have Perl 5.10 or later, file input/output methods (slurp, spew, etc.) and high-level handle opening methods ( filehandle, openr, openw, etc. ) respect default encodings set by the -C switch or lexical open settings of the caller. For UTF-8, this is almost certainly slower than using the dedicated _utf8 methods if you have Unicode::UTF8 or PerlIP::utf8_strict.

TYPE CONSTRAINTS AND COERCION

A standard MooseX::Types library is available at MooseX::Types::Path::Tiny. A Type::Tiny equivalent is available as Types::Path::Tiny.

SUPPORT

Bugs / Feature Requests

Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at https://github.com/dagolden/Path-Tiny/issues. You will be notified automatically of any progress on your issue.

Source Code

This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license.

https://github.com/dagolden/Path-Tiny

git clone https://github.com/dagolden/Path-Tiny.git

AUTHOR

David Golden <dagolden@cpan.org>

CONTRIBUTORS

Alex Efros <powerman@powerman.name>
Aristotle Pagaltzis <pagaltzis@gmx.de>
Chris Williams <bingos@cpan.org>
Dan Book <grinnz@grinnz.com>
Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
David Steinbrunner <dsteinbrunner@pobox.com>
Doug Bell <madcityzen@gmail.com>
Elvin Aslanov <rwp.primary@gmail.com>
Flavio Poletti <flavio@polettix.it>
Gabor Szabo <szabgab@cpan.org>
Gabriel Andrade <gabiruh@gmail.com>
George Hartzell <hartzell@cpan.org>
Geraud Continsouzas <geraud@scsi.nc>
Goro Fuji <gfuji@cpan.org>
Graham Knop <haarg@haarg.org>
Graham Ollis <plicease@cpan.org>
Ian Sillitoe <ian@sillit.com>
James Hunt <james@niftylogic.com>
John Karr <brainbuz@brainbuz.org>
Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
Mark Ellis <mark.ellis@cartridgesave.co.uk>
Martin H. Sluka <fany@cpan.org>
Martin Kjeldsen <mk@bluepipe.dk>
Mary Ehlers <regina.verb.ae@gmail.com>
Michael G. Schwern <mschwern@cpan.org>
Nicolas R <nicolas@atoomic.org>
Nicolas Rochelemagne <rochelemagne@cpanel.net>
Nigel Gregoire <nigelgregoire@gmail.com>
Philippe Bruhat (BooK) <book@cpan.org>
regina-verbae <regina-verbae@users.noreply.github.com>
Roy Ivy III <rivy@cpan.org>
Shlomi Fish <shlomif@shlomifish.org>
Smylers <Smylers@stripey.com>
Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa@bulknews.net>
Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org>
Yanick Champoux <yanick@babyl.dyndns.org>
김도형 - Keedi Kim <keedi@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This is free software, licensed under:

The Apache License, Version 2.0, January 2004

To install Path::Tiny, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Path::Tiny

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Path::Tiny

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

	Global
`s`	Focus search bar
`?`	Bring up this help dialog

	GitHub
`g` `p`	Go to pull requests
`g` `i`	go to github issues (only if github is preferred repository)

	POD
`g` `a`	Go to author
`g` `c`	Go to changes
`g` `i`	Go to issues
`g` `d`	Go to dist
`g` `r`	Go to repository/SCM
`g` `s`	Go to source
`g` `b`	Go to file browse

	Search terms
module: (e.g. module:Plugin)
distribution: (e.g. distribution:Dancer auth)
author: (e.g. author:SONGMU Redis)
version: (e.g. version:1.00)

NAME

VERSION

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

CONSTRUCTORS

path

new

cwd

rootdir

tempfile, tempdir

METHODS

absolute

append, append_raw, append_utf8

assert

basename

canonpath

cached_temp

child

children

chmod

copy

digest

dirname (deprecated)

edit, edit_raw, edit_utf8

edit_lines, edit_lines_utf8, edit_lines_raw

exists, is_file, is_dir

filehandle

has_same_bytes

is_absolute, is_relative

is_rootdir

iterator

lines, lines_raw, lines_utf8

mkdir

mkpath (deprecated)

move

openr, openw, openrw, opena

parent

realpath

relative

remove

remove_tree

sibling

size, size_human

slurp, slurp_raw, slurp_utf8

spew, spew_raw, spew_utf8

stat, lstat

stringify

subsumes

touch

touchpath

visit

volume

EXCEPTION HANDLING

ENVIRONMENT

PERL_PATH_TINY_NO_FLOCK

CAVEATS

Subclassing not supported

Tilde expansion (deprecated)

File locking

NFS and BSD

Lustre

AIX and locking

utf8 vs UTF-8

Default IO layers and the open pragma

TYPE CONSTRAINTS AND COERCION

SEE ALSO

SUPPORT

Bugs / Feature Requests

Source Code

AUTHOR

CONTRIBUTORS

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Module Install Instructions