NAME
Language::MuldisD::PerlHosted - How to format Perl Hosted Abstract Muldis D
VERSION
This document is Language::MuldisD::PerlHosted version 0.4.0.
PREFACE
This document is part of the Muldis D language specification, whose root document is Language::MuldisD; you should read that root document before you read this one, which provides subservient details.
DESCRIPTION
This document outlines the specification of Abstract Muldis D as hosted in either Perl 5 or Perl 6, and as composed of just|mainly core Perl types; for brevity, the term PHMD will be used to refer to this spec.
Where Perl 5 and 6 differ, the terminology and examples in this documentation specifically uses Perl 6 terminology and examples by default, and adds analogous Perl 5 terminology as necessary.
Fundamentally, the various Muldis D scalar and collection types are represented by their equivalent Perl 5 or 6 native scalar and collection types. But since Muldis D is more strongly typed, or at least differently typed, than Perl, each Muldis D literal is represented by a Perl Array, whose elements include both the payload Perl literal plus explicit meta-data for how to interpret that Perl literal for mapping to Muldis D.
This document mainly just specifies a way to represent Muldis D values as Perl values. Since the fundamental way to do data definition in Muldis D is to update catalog (information schema) variables, aka the Muldis D meta-model, which are themselves just data, then this document only needs to tell you how to define values to put in the catalog variables. Defining data types or routines are done by defining catalog values describing them.
See instead Language::MuldisD::Core for how to actually define the tuples and relations that define your data types and routines and queries and so forth.
Note that this document (along with the aforementioned) is also intended to serve as a proposal for a generic portable AST that various Perl applications and components can use to represent their database schemas and queries, regardless of whether a native Muldis D implementation is in use; or this document can be used as a point of departure for documenting some alternative AST for that purpose.
This documentation is pending.
GENERAL STRUCTURE
A PHMD value is composed mainly of a tree of Perl Array, such that each Array is a tree node. The elements of each node/Array include typically a native Perl payload value, which may be a PHMD value itself, plus meta-data for that payload, that meta-data typically including the analogy of a class name, were PHMD nodes instead represented by a tree of PHMD-specific objects.
It should be emphasized that no Perl undefined values are allowed anywhere in a PHMD value; you must use only defined values instead. This documentation also assumes that only defined values are used, and that supplying a Perl undef will result in an error. If you genuinely want to represent that a value is unknown, then the Maybe
node type is provided as one way you can explicitly say so. This policy may be reconsidered.
The root Perl Array
of a PHMD value has 4 elements, which are:
The AST language/schema base name, specifically the Perl
Str
valueMuldisD
for this spec.The AST language/schema authority, encoded as a Perl
Str
value. The authority string is interpreted within the context of the language/schema name, which for theMuldisD
spec is the range of authority string formats permitted for the long names of Perl 6 packages, such as a CPAN identifier or an http url, although what's allowed may be open-ended. For the official/original Muldis D language spec by Darren Duncan, that string is alwayscpan:DUNCAND
during the foreseeable future. If someone else wants to embrace and extend Muldis D, such as to include proprietary extensions, or incompatible changes, then they must use something other thancpan:DUNCAND
for the authority, (and optionally, change the name fromMuldisD
as well if that seems appropriate), to prevent ambiguity.The AST language/schema version number, encoded as a Perl
Str
value. The version number string is interpreted within the context of both the language/schema name and language/schema authority, which for theMuldisD
pluscpan:DUNCAND
spec is the normal 3-integer-parts (X.Y.Z
) version format normal for the long names of Perl 6 packages and many other versioned projects in general. At the present time, the official spec version number to use is shown in the VERSION and DESCRIPTION of theMuldisD.pm
file, when corresponding to the spec containing that file.The payload is any other PHMD node.
Examples of a root node:
[ 'MuldisD', 'cpan:DUNCAND', '1.2.3', [ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'false' ] ]
Both the payload node under the root node and every other node is a Perl Array
with usually 2+ elements, where the first element is a Perl Str
saying what kind of node it is, and the last element is the typically-single payload, and any sometimes-optional intermediate elements give extra meta-data to specify which of possibly several representation formats the payload is, so that it is correctly interpreted. Typically speaking, only the payload element might be a Perl collection type, and typically all the other elements are Perl scalars.
Note that a Hosted Abstract Muldis D implementation may eschew the above 4-element Array as the root PHMD node for all PHMD trees, and instead have a separate virtual machine configuration step taking just the first 3 elements (base name, authority, version number), to provide a context for subsequent use of PHMD trees that consist of just what would otherwise be the 4th (payload) element.
Examples; at VM config time:
[ 'MuldisD', 'cpan:DUNCAND', '1.2.3' ]
Then later, just:
[ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'false' ]
SCALAR VALUES
sys.Core.Bool.Bool
This node type represents a logical boolean value. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueBool
.Format; one of:
md_enum
,perl_bool
,any_perl
.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Bool.Bool
value as follows:
If the format is
md_enum
, then the payload must be a PerlStr
having one of the valuesfalse
,true
. This format specifically is what the Concrete Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it.If the format is
perl_bool
, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a PerlBool
, and soBool::False
andBool::True
are mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just the specific result of a Perl 5 logical expression, such as(1 == 0)
or(1 == 1)
, and nothing else; said values are probably the empty string and number 1, respectively.If the format is
any_perl
, then the payload may be any Perl value, and it is simply coerced into a boolean context as per Perl's own semantics; typically for built-in scalars, the empty string and number zero are considered false, and everything else true.
Examples:
[ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'true' ]
[ 'Bool', 'perl_bool', Bool::False ] # Perl 6 only
[ 'Bool', 'perl_bool', (1 == 0) ]
[ 'Bool', 'perl_any', 42 ]
sys.Core.Order.Order
This node type represents an order-determination. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueOrder
.Format; one of:
md_enum
,perl_order
.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Order.Order
value as follows:
If the format is
md_enum
, then the payload must be a PerlStr
having one of the valuesincrease
,same
,decrease
. This format specifically is what the Concrete Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it.If the format is
perl_order
, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a PerlOrder
, and soOrder::Increase
andOrder::Same
andOrder::Decrease
are mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just the specific result of a Perl 5 order-determining expression, such as(1 <=> 2)
or(1 <=> 1)
or(2 <=> 1)
, and nothing else; said values are probably the numbers [-1, 0, 1], respectively.
Examples:
[ 'Order', 'md_enum', 'same' ]
[ 'Order', 'perl_order', Order::Increase ] # Perl 6 only
[ 'Order', 'perl_order', (2 <=> 1) ]
sys.Core.Int.Int
This node type represents an integer value. It has 3-4 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueInt
.Format; one of:
md_int
,perl_int
,any_perl
.Only when format is
md_int
; the max-col-val.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Int.Int
value as follows:
If the format is
md_int
, then the max-col-val must be a PerlStr
composed of a single[1-9A-Z]
character, and the payload must be a PerlStr
of the format0
or\-?<[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>*
. This format specifically is what the Concrete Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it. The payload is interpreted as a base-N integer where N might be between 2 and 36, and the given max-col-val says which possible value of N to use. Assuming all column values are between zero and N-minus-one, the max-col-val contains that N-minus-one. So to specify, eg, bases [2,8,10,16], use max-col-val of [1,7,9,F].If the format is
perl_int
, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a PerlInt
, which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical integer value according to Perl.If the format is
any_perl
, then the payload may be any Perl value, and it is simply coerced into an integer context as per Perl's own semantics, meaning base-10 where applicable. If something doesn't look numeric, it becomes zero; if something looks like a fractional number, it is truncated.
Examples:
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '1', '11001001' ] # binary
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '7', '0' ] # octal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '7', '644' ] # octal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '9', '-34' ] # decimal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '9', '42' ] # decimal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', 'F', 'DEADBEEF' ] # hexadecimal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', 'Z', '-HELLOWORLD' ] # base-36
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 21 ]
[ 'Int', 'any_perl', ' 171 ' ]
sys.Core.Int.UInt
This node type represents an unsigned / non-negative integer value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Int.UInt
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Int.Int
but that the node type is 'UInt', its formats are respectively named for 'uint', and the payload may not have a leading -
.
Examples:
[ 'UInt', 'md_uint', '3', '301' ] # base-4
[ 'UInt', 'perl_uint', 0 ]
sys.Core.Int.PInt
This node type represents a positive integer value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Int.PInt
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Int.UInt
but that the node type is 'PInt', formats 'pint', and the payload may not be 0
.
Examples:
[ 'PInt', 'md_pint', 'B', 'A09B' ] # base-12
[ 'PInt', 'perl_pint', 101 ]
sys.Core.Rat.Rat
This node type represents a rational value. It has 3-4 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueRat
.Format; one of:
md_rat
,perl_rat
,any_perl
.Only when format is
md_rat
; the max-col-val.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Rat.Rat
value as follows:
If the format is
md_rat
, then the max-col-val must be a PerlStr
composed of a single[1-9A-Z]
character, and the payload must be a PerlStr
of the format0
or\-?<[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>*\.?<[0-9A-Z]>*
. This format specifically is what the Concrete Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it. The payload is interpreted as a base-N rational where N might be between 2 and 36, and the given max-col-val says which possible value of N to use. Assuming all column values are between zero and N-minus-one, the max-col-val contains that N-minus-one. So to specify, eg, bases [2,8,10,16], use max-col-val of [1,7,9,F].If the format is
perl_rat
, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a PerlRat
(orNum
), which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical rational or numeric value according to Perl.If the format is
any_perl
, then the payload may be any Perl value, and it is simply coerced into a numeric context as per Perl's own semantics, meaning base-10 where applicable. If something doesn't look numeric, it becomes zero.
Examples:
[ 'Rat', 'md_rat', '1', '-1.1' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_rat', '9', '-1.5' ] # same val as prev
[ 'Rat', 'md_rat', '9', '3.14159' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_rat', 'A', '0.0' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_rat', 'F', 'DEADBEEF.FACE' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_rat', 'Z', '0.000AZE' ]
[ 'Rat', 'perl_rat', 21.003 ]
[ 'Rat', 'any_perl', ' 54.67 ' ]
sys.Core.Rat.URat
This node type represents a unsigned / non-negative rational value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Rat.URat
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Rat.Rat
but that the node type is 'URat', its formats are respectively named for 'urat', and the payload may not have a leading -
.
Examples:
[ 'URat', 'md_urat', '6', '500.001' ]
[ 'URat', 'perl_urat', 0.01 ]
sys.Core.Rat.PRat
This node type represents a positive rational value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Rat.PRat
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Rat.URat
but that the node type is 'PRat', formats 'prat', and the payload may not be 0
.
Examples:
[ 'PRat', 'md_prat', 'B', 'A09.B' ]
[ 'PRat', 'perl_prat', 0.101 ]
sys.Core.Blob.Blob
This node type represents a bit string. It has 3-4 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueBlob
.Format; one of:
md_blob
,perl_blob
.Only when format is
md_blob
; the max-col-val.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Blob.Blob
value as follows:
If the format is
md_blob
, then the max-col-val must be a PerlStr
composed of a single[137F]
character, and the payload must be a PerlStr
of the format<[0-9A-F]>*
. This format specifically is what the Concrete Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it. Each column of the payload specifies a sequence of one of [1,2,3,4] bits, depending on whether max-col-val is [1,3,7,F].If the format is
perl_blob
, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a PerlBlob
, which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical Perl bit string, which is a scalar whose utf-8 flag is false.
Examples:
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', '1', '00101110100010' ] # binary
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', '3', ''
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', 'F', 'A705E' # hexadecimal
[ 'Blob', 'perl_blob', (pack 'H2', 'P') ]
sys.Core.Blob.NEBlob
This node type represents a non-empty bit-string value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Blob.NEBlob
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Blob.Blob
but that the node type is 'Blob', its formats are respectively named for 'neblob', the payload may not be the empty string.
Examples:
[ 'NEBlob', 'md_blob', '7', '523504376' ]
[ 'NEBlob', 'perl_neblob', (pack 'H2', 'Z') ]
sys.Core.Text.Text
This node type represents a character string. It has 2 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueText
.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Text.Text
value by directly mapping the payload. Note that, while Concrete Muldis D may contain a few escape sequences, those would be replaced with what they represent prior to making a PHMD node. Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Str
, which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical Perl character string, which is a scalar whose utf-8 flag is true, or that doesn't contain any octets with a 1
-valued highest bit.
Examples:
[ 'Text', 'Ceres' ]
[ 'Text', 'サンプル' ] # note: Perl 5 needs "use utf8;" pragma to work
[ 'Text', '' ]
sys.Core.Text.NEText
This node type represents a non-empty character string value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Text.NEText
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Text.Text
but that the node type is 'Text', and the payload may not be the empty string.
Examples:
[ 'NEText', 'Perl' ]
NONSCALAR VALUES
sys.Core.Tuple.Tuple
This node type represents a tuple value. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueTuple
.Type name; any
Array|Str
that is a valid payload for aCat.NameChain
.The payload; a Perl
Hash|Mapping
value.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Tuple.Tuple
value whose heading was predefined, as a tuple data type, for referencing now by the type name, and whose body is defined now by the payload. Each key+value pair of the payload defines a named attribute of the new tuple; the pair's key and value are, respectively, a Perl Str
that specifies the attribute name, and a PHMD node that specifies the attribute value. The tuple body defined by the payload must correspond to the tuple heading named by the type name; that is, they must have the same degree, same attribute names, and compatible types.
Examples:
[ 'Tuple', 'sys.Core.Tuple.D0', {} ]
[ 'Tuple', 'glo.the_db.account.user_t', {
'login_name' => [ 'Text', 'hartmark' ],
'login_pass' => [ 'Text', 'letmein' ],
'is_special' => [ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'true' ],
} ]
[ 'Tuple', 'glo.the_db.gene.person_t', {
'name' => [ 'Text', 'Michelle' ],
'age' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 17 ],
} ]
sys.Core.Tuple.Database
This node type represents a database value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Tuple.Database
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Tuple.Tuple
but that the node type is 'Database', the type name must be of a database type rather than just a tuple type, and all payload PHMD values must be of relation types.
Examples:
[ 'Database', 'sys.Core.Tuple.D0', {} ]
[ 'Database', 'glo.the_db.account', {
'user' => [ 'Relation', 'glo.the_db.account.user_r', ... ],
} ]
[ 'Database', 'glo.the_db.gene', {
'person' => [ 'Relation', 'glo.the_db.gene.person_r', ... ],
} ]
sys.Core.Relation.Relation
This node type represents a relation value. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueRelation
.Type name; any
Array|Str
that is a valid payload for aCat.NameChain
.The payload; a Perl
Array|Seq|Set|KeySet
ofHash|Mapping
value.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Relation.Relation
value whose heading was predefined, as a relation data type, for referencing now by the type name, and whose body is defined now by the payload. Each element of the payload defines a tuple of the new relation; each element is as per the payload of a tuple-defining PHMD node, including the need to correspond to the relation heading, which is common to all tuples in it.
Examples:
[ 'Relation', 'sys.Core.Relation.D0C0', [] ]
[ 'Relation', 'sys.Core.Relation.D0C1', [ {} ] ]
[ 'Relation', 'glo.the_db.account.user_r', [
{
'login_name' => [ 'Text', 'hartmark' ],
'login_pass' => [ 'Text', 'letmein' ],
'is_special' => [ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'true' ],
},
] ]
[ 'Relation', 'glo.the_db.gene.person_r', [
{
'name' => [ 'Text', 'Michelle' ],
'age' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 17 ],
},
] ]
sys.Core.Relation.Set
This node type represents a set value. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueSet
.Type name; any
Array|Str
that is a valid payload for aCat.NameChain
.The payload; a Perl
Array|Seq|Set|KeySet
value.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Relation.Set
value whose heading was predefined, as a set data type, for referencing now by the type name, and whose body is defined now by the payload. Each element of the payload defines a unary tuple of the new set; each element is a PHMD node that defines the value
attribute of the tuple.
Examples:
[ 'Set', 'glo.the_db.account.country_name', [
[ 'Text', 'Canada' ],
[ 'Text', 'Spain' ],
[ 'Text', 'Jordan' ],
[ 'Text', 'Thailand' ],
] ]
[ 'Set', 'glo.the_db.stats.some_ages', [
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 3 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 16 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 85 ],
] ]
sys.Core.Relation.Maybe
This node type represents a maybe value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Relation.Maybe
. Its format is the same as for sys.Core.Relation.Set
but that the node type is 'Maybe', and the payload must have at most 1 element.
Examples:
[ 'Maybe', 'glo.the_db.gene.person_death_date', [] ]
[ 'Maybe', 'glo.the_db.gene.person_death_date', [
[ 'Text', '2003.07.24' ],
] ]
sys.Core.Relation.Seq
This node type represents a sequence value. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueSeq
.Type name; any
Array|Str
that is a valid payload for aCat.NameChain
.The payload; a Perl
Array|Seq
value.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Relation.Seq
value whose heading was predefined, as a sequence data type, for referencing now by the type name, and whose body is defined now by the payload. Each element of the payload defines a binary tuple of the new sequence; the element value is a PHMD node that defines the value
attribute of the tuple, and the element index is used as the index
attribute of the tuple.
Examples:
[ 'Seq', 'glo.the_db.gene.sorted_person_name', [
[ 'Text', 'Alphonse' ],
[ 'Text', 'Edward' ],
[ 'Text', 'Winry' ],
] ]
[ 'Seq', 'glo.the_db.stats.samples_by_order', [
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 57 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 45 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 63 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 61 ],
] ]
sys.Core.Relation.Bag
This node type represents a bag value. It has 3 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueBag
.Type name; any
Array|Str
that is a valid payload for aCat.NameChain
.Format; one of:
aoa_counted
,array_repeated
,perl_bag
(p6).The payload; a Perl
Bag|KeyBag
value orArray|Seq
orArray|Seq
ofArray|Seq
.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Relation.Bag
value whose heading was predefined, as a bag data type, for referencing now by the type name, and whose body is defined now by the payload. The payload is interpreted as follows:
If the format is
aoa_counted
, then the payload must be a PerlArray|Seq
, and each element of the payload defines a binary tuple of the new bag; the element is a 2-elementArray|Seq
, and those 2 elements, by index order, are PHMD nodes that define thevalue
andcount
attributes of the tuple; the count must be a positive integer.If the format is
array_repeated
, then the payload must be a PerlArray|Seq
, and each element of the payload contributes to a binary tuple of the new bag; the element value is a PHMD node that defines thevalue
attribute of the tuple. The bag has 1 tuple for every distinct (after format normalization) element value in the payload, and thecount
attribute of that tuple says how many instances of said element were in the payload.If the format is
perl_bag
, then the payload must be a Perl 6 (there is no Perl 5 analogy)Bag|KeyBag
value; the payload elements are PHMD nodes corresponding to thevalue
attribute of the new bag's tuples, and the mapping is as you should expect.
Examples:
[ 'Bag', 'glo.the_db.inventory.fruit', 'aoa_counted', [
[
[ 'Text', 'Apple' ],
[ 'PInt', 'perl_uint', 500 ],
],
[
[ 'Text', 'Orange' ],
[ 'PInt', 'perl_uint', 300 ],
],
[
[ 'Text', 'Banana' ],
[ 'PInt', 'perl_uint', 400 ],
],
] ]
[ 'Bag', 'glo.the_db.inventory.whatsits', 'array_repeated', [
[ 'Text', 'Foo' ],
[ 'Text', 'Quux' ],
[ 'Text', 'Foo' ],
[ 'Text', 'Bar' ],
[ 'Text', 'Baz' ],
[ 'Text', 'Baz' ],
] ]
CATALOG SCALAR VALUES
sys.Core.Cat.Name
This node type represents a canonical short name for any kind of DBMS entity when declaring it; it is a non-empty character string type, that is disjoint from Text
. It has 2 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueCat.Name
.The payload.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Cat.Name
value by directly mapping the payload. Note that, while Concrete Muldis D may contain a few escape sequences, those would be replaced with what they represent prior to making a PHMD node. They payload must be as per a NEText
PHMD node.
Examples:
[ 'Cat.Name', 'login_pass' ]
[ 'Cat.Name', 'First Name' ]
sys.Core.Cat.NameChain
This node type represents a canonical long name for invoking some a DBMS entity in some contexts; it is conceptually a sequence of entity short names. It has 2 elements:
Node type: the Perl
Str
valueCat.NameChain
.The payload; a Perl
Array|Seq
value orStr
(char-mode scalar) value.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.Core.Cat.NameChain
value as follows:
If the payload is an
Array|Seq
, then it must have at least 1 element, and every element must be a valid payload for aCat.Name
PHMD node (that is, any non-empty Perl character string). Each element of the payload, in order, defines an element of the sequence possrep of aCat.NameChain
.If the payload is a
Str
, then it must be formatted as a catenation (using period (.
) separators) of at least 1 part, where each part is escaped such that backslashes, single-quotes, and periods are escaped as\b
,\q
and\p
respectively.
Examples:
[ 'Cat.NameChain', ['glo','the_db','gene','sorted_person_name'] ]
[ 'Cat.NameChain', 'glo.the_db.stats.samples_by_order' ]
SEE ALSO
Go to Language::MuldisD for the majority of distribution-internal references, and Language::MuldisD::SeeAlso for the majority of distribution-external references.
AUTHOR
Darren Duncan (perl@DarrenDuncan.net
)
LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT
This file is part of the formal specification of the Muldis D language.
Muldis D is Copyright © 2002-2007, Darren Duncan.
See the LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT of Language::MuldisD for details.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in Language::MuldisD apply to this file too.