NAME

Test::Class - Easily create test classes in an xUnit/JUnit style

SYNOPSIS

package Example::Test;
use base qw(Test::Class);
use Test::More;

# setup methods are run before every test method. 
sub make_fixture : Test(setup) {
    my $array = [1, 2];
    shift->{test_array} = $array;
};

# a test method that runs 1 test
sub test_push : Test {
    my $array = shift->{test_array};
    push @$array, 3;
    is_deeply($array, [1, 2, 3], 'push worked');
};

# a test method that runs 4 tests
sub test_pop : Test(4) {
    my $array = shift->{test_array};
    is(pop @$array, 2, 'pop = 2');
    is(pop @$array, 1, 'pop = 1');
    is_deeply($array, [], 'array empty');
    is(pop @$array, undef, 'pop = undef');
};

# teardown methods are run after every test method.
sub teardown : Test(teardown) {
    my $array = shift->{test_array};
    diag("array = (@$array) after test(s)");
};

later in a nearby .t file

#! /usr/bin/perl
use Example::Test;

# run all the test methods in Example::Test
Test::Class->runtests;

Outputs:

1..5
ok 1 - pop = 2
ok 2 - pop = 1
ok 3 - array empty
ok 4 - pop = undef
# array = () after test(s)
ok 5 - push worked
# array = (1 2 3) after test(s)

DESCRIPTION

Test::Class provides a simple way of creating classes and objects to test your code in an xUnit style.

Built using Test::Builder, it was designed to work with other Test::Builder based modules (Test::More, Test::Differences, Test::Exception, etc.).

Note: This module will make more sense, if you are already familiar with the "standard" mechanisms for testing perl code. Those unfamiliar with Test::Harness, Test::Simple, Test::More and friends should go take a look at them now. Test::Tutorial is a good starting point.

INTRODUCTION

A brief history lesson

In 1994 Kent Beck wrote a testing framework for Smalltalk called SUnit. It was popular. You can read a copy of his original paper at http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm.

Later Kent Beck and Erich Gamma created JUnit for testing Java http://www.junit.org/. It was popular too.

Now there are xUnit frameworks for every language from Ada to XSLT. You can find a list at http://www.xprogramming.com/software.htm.

While xUnit frameworks are traditionally associated with unit testing they are also useful in the creation of functional/acceptance tests.

Test::Class is (yet another) implementation of xUnit style testing in Perl.

Why you should use Test::Class

Test::Class attempts to provide simple xUnit testing that integrates simply with the standard perl *.t style of testing. In particular:

All the advantages of xUnit testing. You can easily create test fixtures and isolate tests. It provides a framework that should be familiar to people who have used other xUnit style test systems.
It is built with Test::Builder and should co-exist happily with all other Test::Builder based modules. This makes using test classes in *.t scripts, and refactoring normal tests into test classes, much simpler because:
- You do not have to learn a new set of new test APIs and can continue using ok(), like(), etc. from Test::More and friends.
- Skipping tests and todo tests are supported.
- You can have normal tests and Test::Class classes co-existing in the same *.t script. You don't have to re-write an entire script, but can use test classes as and when it proves useful.
You can easily package your tests as classes/modules, rather than *.t scripts. This simplifies reuse, documentation and distribution, encourages refactoring, and allows tests to be extended by inheritance.
You can have multiple setup/teardown methods. For example have one teardown method to clean up resources and another to check that class invariants still hold.
It can make running tests faster. Once you have refactored your *.t scripts into classes they can be easily run from a single script. This gains you the (often considerable) start up time that each separate *.t script takes.

Why you should not use Test::Class

If your *.t scripts are working fine then don't bother with Test::Class. For simple test suites it is almost certainly overkill. Don't start thinking about using Test::Class until issues like duplicate code in your test scripts start to annoy.
If you are distributing your code it is yet another module that the user has to have to run your tests (unless you distribute it with your test suite of course).
If you are used to the TestCase/Suite/Runner class structure used by JUnit and similar testing frameworks you may find Test::Unit more familiar (but try reading "HELP FOR CONFUSED JUNIT USERS" before you give up).

TEST CLASSES

A test class is just a class that inherits from Test::Class. Defining a test class is as simple as doing:

package Example::Test;
use base qw(Test::Class);

Since Test::Class does not provide its own test functions, but uses those provided by Test::More and friends, you will nearly always also want to have:

use Test::More;

to import the test functions into your test class.

METHOD TYPES

There are three different types of method you can define using Test::Class.

1) Test methods

You define test methods using the Test attribute. For example:

package Example::Test;
use base qw(Test::Class);
use Test::More;

sub subtraction : Test {
    is( 2-1, 1, 'subtraction works );
};

This declares the subtraction method as a test method that runs one test.

If your test method runs more than one test, you should put the number of tests in brackets like this:

sub addition : Test(2) {
    is(10 + 20, 30, 'addition works');
    is(20 + 10, 30, '  both ways');
};

If you don't know the number of tests at compile time you can use no_plan like this.

sub check_class : Test(no_plan) {
    my $objects = shift->{objects};
    isa_ok($_, "Object") foreach @$objects;
};

or use the :Tests attribute, which acts just like :Test but defaults to no_plan if no number is given:

sub check_class : Tests {
    my $objects = shift->{objects};
    isa_ok($_, "Object") foreach @$objects;
};

2) Setup and teardown methods

Setup and teardown methods are run before and after every test. For example:

sub before : Test(setup)    { diag("running before test") };
sub after  : Test(teardown) { diag("running after test") };

You can use setup and teardown methods to create common objects used by all of your test methods (a test fixture) and store them in your Test::Class object, treating it as a hash. For example:

sub pig : Test(setup) {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->{test_pig} = Pig->new;
};

sub born_hungry : Test {
    my $pig = shift->{test_pig};
    is($pig->hungry, 'pigs are born hungry');
};

sub eats : Test(3) {
    my $pig = shift->{test_pig};
    ok(  $pig->feed,   'pig fed okay');
    ok(! $pig->hungry, 'fed pig not hungry');
    ok(! $pig->feed,   'cannot feed full pig');
};

You can also declare setup and teardown methods as running tests. For example you could check that the test pig survives each test method by doing:

sub pig_alive : Test(teardown => 1) {
    my $pig = shift->{test_pig};
    ok($pig->alive, 'pig survived tests' );
};

3) Startup and shutdown methods

Startup and shutdown methods are like setup and teardown methods for the whole test class. All the startup methods are run once when you start running a test class. All the shutdown methods are run once just before a test class stops running.

You can use these to create and destroy expensive objects that you don't want to have to create and destroy for every test - a database connection for example:

sub db_connect : Test(startup) {
    shift->{dbi} = DBI->connect;
};

sub db_disconnect : Test(shutdown) {
    shift->{dbi}->disconnect;
};

Just like setup and teardown methods you can pass an optional number of tests to startup and shutdown methods. For example:

sub example : Test(startup => 1) {
    ok(1, 'a startup method with one test');
};

If you want to run an unknown number of tests within your startup method, you need to say e.g.

sub example : Test(startup => no_plan) {
   ok(1, q{The first of many tests that don't want to have to count});
   ...
}

as the : Tests attribute behaves exactly like : Test in this context.

If a startup method has a failing test or throws an exception then all other tests for the current test object are ignored.

RUNNING TESTS

You run test methods with runtests(). Doing:

Test::Class->runtests

runs all of the test methods in every loaded test class. This allows you to easily load multiple test classes in a *.t file and run them all.

#! /usr/bin/perl

# load all the test classes I want to run
use Foo::Test;
use Foo::Bar::Test;
use Foo::Fribble::Test;
use Foo::Ni::Test;

# and run them all
Test::Class->runtests;

You can use Test::Class::Load to automatically load all the test classes in a given set of directories.

If you need finer control you can create individual test objects with new(). For example to just run the tests in the test class Foo::Bar::Test you can do:

Example::Test->new->runtests

You can also pass runtests() a list of test objects to run. For example:

my $o1 = Example::Test->new;
my $o2 = Another::Test->new;
# runs all the tests in $o1 and $o2
$o1->runtests($o2);

Since, by definition, the base Test::Class has no tests you could also have written:

my $o1 = Example::Test->new;
my $o2 = Another::Test->new;
Test::Class->runtests($o1, $o2);

If you pass runtests() class names it will automatically create test objects for you, so the above can be written more compactly as:

Test::Class->runtests(qw( Example::Test Another::Test ))

In all of the above examples runtests() will look at the number of tests both test classes run and output an appropriate test header for Test::Harness automatically.

What happens if you run test classes and normal tests in the same script? For example:

Test::Class->runtests;
ok(Example->new->foo, 'a test not in the test class');
ok(Example->new->bar, 'ditto');

Test::Harness will complain that it saw more tests than it expected since the test header output by runtests() will not include the two normal tests.

To overcome this problem you can pass an integer value to runtests(). This is added to the total number of tests in the test header. So the problematic example can be rewritten as follows:

Test::Class->runtests(+2);
ok(Example->new->foo, 'a test not in the test class');
ok(Example->new->bar, 'ditto');

If you prefer to write your test plan explicitly you can use expected_tests() to find out the number of tests a class/object is expected to run.

Since runtests() will not output a test plan if one has already been set the previous example can be written as:

plan tests => Test::Class->expected_tests(+2);
Test::Class->runtests;
ok(Example->new->foo, 'a test not in the test class');
ok(Example->new->bar, 'ditto');

Remember: Test objects are just normal perl objects. Test classes are just normal perl classes. Setup, test and teardown methods are just normal methods. You are completely free to have other methods in your class that are called from your test methods, or have object specific new and DESTROY methods.

In particular you can override the new() method to pass parameters to your test object, or re-define the number of tests a method will run. See num_method_tests() for an example.

TEST DESCRIPTIONS

The test functions you import from Test::More and other Test::Builder based modules usually take an optional third argument that specifies the test description, for example:

is $something, $something_else, 'a description of my test';

If you do not supply a test description, and the test function does not supply its own default, then Test::Class will use the name of the currently running test method, replacing all "_" characters with spaces so:

sub one_plus_one_is_two : Test {
    is 1+1, 2;
}

will result in:

ok 1 - one plus one is two

RUNNING ORDER OF METHODS

Methods of each type are run in the following order:

All of the startup methods in alphabetical order
For each test method, in alphabetical order:
- All of the setup methods in alphabetical order
- The test method.
- All of the teardown methods in alphabetical order
All of the shutdown methods in alphabetical order.

Most of the time you should not care what order tests are run in, but it can occasionally be useful to force some test methods to be run early. For example:

sub _check_new {
    my $self = shift;
    isa_ok(Object->new, "Object") or $self->BAILOUT('new fails!');
};

The leading _ will force the above method to run first - allowing the entire suite to be aborted before any other test methods run.

HANDLING EXCEPTIONS

If a startup, setup, test, teardown or shutdown method dies then runtests() will catch the exception and fail any remaining test. For example:

sub test_object : Test(2) {
    my $object = Object->new;
    isa_ok( $object, "Object" ) or die "could not create object\n";
    ok( $object->open, "open worked" );
};

will produce the following if the first test failed:

not ok 1 - The object isa Object
#   Failed test 'The object isa Object'
#   at /Users/adrianh/Desktop/foo.pl line 14.
#   (in MyTest->test_object)
#     The object isn't defined
not ok 2 - test_object died (could not create object)
#   Failed test 'test_object died (could not create object)'
#   at /Users/adrianh/Desktop/foo.pl line 19.
#   (in MyTest->test_object)

This can considerably simplify testing code that throws exceptions.

Rather than having to explicitly check that the code exited normally (e.g. with "lives_ok" in Test::Exception) the test will fail automatically - without aborting the other test methods. For example contrast:

use Test::Exception;

my $file;
lives_ok { $file = read_file('test.txt') } 'file read';
is($file, "content", 'test file read');

with:

sub read_file : Test {
    is(read_file('test.txt'), "content", 'test file read');
};

If more than one test remains after an exception then the first one is failed, and the remaining ones are skipped.

If the setup method of a test method dies, then all of the remaining setup and shutdown methods are also skipped.

Since startup methods will usually be creating state needed by all the other test methods an exception within a startup method will prevent all other test methods of that class running.

RETURNING EARLY

If a test method returns before it has run all of its tests, by default the missing tests are deemed to have been skipped; see "Skipped Tests" for more information.

However, if the class's fail_if_returned_early method returns true, then the missing tests will be deemed to have failed. For example,

package MyClass;
use base 'Test::Class';
sub fail_if_returned_early { 1 }

sub oops : Tests(8) {
  for (my $n=1; $n*$n<50; ++$n) {
    ok 1, "$n squared is less than fifty";
  }
}

SKIPPED TESTS

You can skip the rest of the tests in a method by returning from the method before all the test have finished running (but see "Returning Early" for how to change this). The value returned is used as the reason for the tests being skipped.

This makes managing tests that can be skipped for multiple reasons very simple. For example:

sub flying_pigs : Test(5) {
    my $pig = Pig->new;
    isa_ok($pig, 'Pig')           or return("cannot breed pigs")
    can_ok($pig, 'takeoff')       or return("pigs don't fly here");
    ok($pig->takeoff, 'takeoff')  or return("takeoff failed");
    ok( $pig->altitude > 0, 'Pig is airborne' );
    ok( $pig->airspeed > 0, '  and moving'    );
};

If you run this test in an environment where Pig->new worked and the takeoff method existed, but failed when ran, you would get:

ok 1 - The object isa Pig
ok 2 - can takeoff
not ok 3 - takeoff
ok 4 # skip takeoff failed
ok 5 # skip takeoff failed

You can also skip tests just as you do in Test::More or Test::Builder - see "Conditional tests" in Test::More for more information.

Note: if you want to skip tests in a method with no_plan tests then you have to explicitly skip the tests in the method - since Test::Class cannot determine how many tests (if any) should be skipped:

sub test_objects : Tests {
    my $self = shift;
    my $objects = $self->{objects};
    if (@$objects) {
        isa_ok($_, "Object") foreach (@$objects);
    } else {
        $self->builder->skip("no objects to test");
    };
};

Another way of overcoming this problem is to explicitly set the number of tests for the method at run time using num_method_tests() or "num_tests".

You can make a test class skip all of its tests by setting SKIP_CLASS() before runtests() is called.

TO DO TESTS

You can create todo tests just as you do in Test::More and Test::Builder using the $TODO variable. For example:

sub live_test : Test  {
    local $TODO = "live currently unimplemented";
    ok(Object->live, "object live");
};

See "Todo tests" in Test::Harness for more information.

EXTENDING TEST CLASSES BY INHERITANCE

You can extend test methods by inheritance in the usual way. For example consider the following test class for a Pig object.

package Pig::Test;
use base qw(Test::Class);
use Test::More;

sub testing_class { "Pig" };
sub new_args { (-age => 3) };

sub setup : Test(setup) {
    my $self = shift;
    my $class = $self->testing_class;
    my @args = $self->new_args;
    $self->{pig} = $class->new( @args );
};

sub _creation : Test {
    my $self = shift;
    isa_ok($self->{pig}, $self->testing_class) 
            or $self->FAIL_ALL('Pig->new failed');
};

sub check_fields : Test {
    my $pig = shift->{pig};
    is($pig->age, 3, "age accessed");
};

Next consider NamedPig a subclass of Pig where you can give your pig a name.

We want to make sure that all the tests for the Pig object still work for NamedPig. We can do this by subclassing Pig::Test and overriding the testing_class and new_args methods.

package NamedPig::Test;
use base qw(Pig::Test);
use Test::More;

sub testing_class { "NamedPig" };
sub new_args { (shift->SUPER::new_args, -name => 'Porky') };

Now we need to test the name method. We could write another test method, but we also have the option of extending the existing check_fields method.

sub check_fields : Test(2) {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->SUPER::check_fields;   
    is($self->{pig}->name, 'Porky', 'name accessed');
};

While the above works, the total number of tests for the method is dependent on the number of tests in its SUPER::check_fields. If we add a test to Pig::Test->check_fields we will also have to update the number of tests of NamedPig::test->check_fields.

Test::Class allows us to state explicitly that we are adding tests to an existing method by using the + prefix. Since we are adding a single test to check_fields it can be rewritten as:

sub check_fields : Test(+1) {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->SUPER::check_fields;
    is($self->{pig}->name, 'Porky', 'name accessed');
};

With the above definition you can add tests to check_fields in Pig::Test without affecting NamedPig::Test.

RUNNING INDIVIDUAL TESTS

NOTE: The exact mechanism for running individual tests is likely to change in the future.

Sometimes you just want to run a single test. Commenting out other tests or writing code to skip them can be a hassle, so you can specify the TEST_METHOD environment variable. The value is expected to be a valid regular expression and, if present, only runs test methods whose names match the regular expression. Startup, setup, teardown and shutdown tests will still be run.

One easy way of doing this is by specifying the environment variable before the runtests method is called.

Running a test named customer_profile:

#! /usr/bin/perl
use Example::Test;
     
$ENV{TEST_METHOD} = 'customer_profile';
Test::Class->runtests;

Running all tests with customer in their name:

#! /usr/bin/perl
use Example::Test;
     
$ENV{TEST_METHOD} = '.*customer.*';
Test::Class->runtests;

If you specify an invalid regular expression, your tests will not be run:

#! /usr/bin/perl
use Example::Test;
     
$ENV{TEST_METHOD} = 'C++';
Test::Class->runtests;

And when you run it:

TEST_METHOD (C++) is not a valid regular expression: Search pattern \
not terminated at (eval 17) line 1.

ORGANISING YOUR TEST CLASSES

You can, of course, organise your test modules as you wish. My personal preferences is:

Name test classes with a suffix of ::Test so the test class for the Foo::Bar module would be Foo::Bar::Test.
Place all test classes in t/lib.

The Test::Class::Load provides a simple mechanism for easily loading all of the test classes in a given set of directories.

A NOTE ON LOADING TEST CLASSES

Due to its use of subroutine attributes Test::Class based modules must be loaded at compile rather than run time. This is because the :Test attribute is applied by a CHECK block.

This can be problematic if you want to dynamically load Test::Class modules. Basically while:

require $some_test_class;

will break, doing:

BEGIN { require $some_test_class };

will work just fine. For more information on CHECK blocks see "BEGIN, CHECK, INIT and END" in perlmod.

If you still can't arrange for your classes to be loaded at runtime, you could use an alternative mechanism for adding your tests:

# sub test_something : Test(3) {...}
# becomes
sub test_something {...}
__PACKAGE__->add_testinfo('test_something', test => 3);

See the add_testinfo method for more details.

GENERAL FILTERING OF TESTS

The use of $ENV{TEST_METHOD} to run just a subset of tests is useful, but sometimes it doesn't give the level of granularity that you desire. Another feature of this class is the ability to do filtering on other static criteria. In order to permit this, a generic filtering method is supported. This can be used by specifying coderefs to the 'add_filter' method of this class.

In determining which tests should be run, all filters that have previously been specified via the add_filter method will be run in-turn for each normal test method. If any of these filters return a false value, the method will not be executed, or included in the number of tests. Note that filters will only be run for normal test methods, they are ignored for startup, shutdown, setup, and teardown test methods.

Note that test filters are global, and will affect all tests in all classes, not just the one that they were defined in.

An example of this mechanism that mostly simulates the use of TEST_METHOD above is:

package MyTests;

use Test::More;

use base qw( Test::Class );

my $MYTEST_METHOD = qr/^t_not_filtered$/;

my $filter = sub {
   my ( $test_class, $test_method ) = @_;

   return $test_method =~ $MYTEST_METHOD;
};
Test::Class->add_filter( $filter );

sub t_filtered : Test( 1 ) {
   fail( "filtered test run" );
}

sub t_not_filtered : Test( 1 ) {
   pass( "unfiltered test run" );
}

METHODS

Creating and running tests

Test

# test methods
sub method_name : Test { ... };
sub method_name : Test(N) { ... };

# setup methods
sub method_name : Test(setup) { ... };
sub method_name : Test(setup => N) { ... };

# teardown methods
sub method_name : Test(teardown) { ... };
sub method_name : Test(teardown => N) { ... };

# startup methods
sub method_name : Test(startup) { ... };
sub method_name : Test(startup => N) { ... };

# shutdown methods
sub method_name : Test(shutdown) { ... };
sub method_name : Test(shutdown => N) { ... };

Marks a startup, setup, test, teardown or shutdown method. See runtests() for information on how to run methods declared with the Test attribute.

N specifies the number of tests the method runs.

If N is an integer then the method should run exactly N tests.
If N is an integer with a + prefix then the method is expected to call its SUPER:: method and extend it by running N additional tests.
If N is the string no_plan then the method can run an arbitrary number of tests.

If N is not specified it defaults to 1 for test methods, and 0 for startup, setup, teardown and shutdown methods.

You can change the number of tests that a method runs using num_method_tests() or num_tests().

Tests

sub method_name : Tests { ... };
sub method_name : Tests(N) { ... };

Acts just like the :Test attribute, except that if the number of tests is not specified it defaults to no_plan. So the following are equivalent:

sub silly1 :Test( no_plan ) { ok(1) foreach (1 .. rand 5) };
sub silly2 :Tests           { ok(1) foreach (1 .. rand 5) };

new

$Tests = CLASS->new(KEY => VAL ...)
$Tests2 = $Tests->new(KEY => VAL ...)

Creates a new test object (blessed hashref) containing the specified key/value pairs.

If called as an object method the existing object's key/value pairs are copied into the new object. Any key/value pairs passed to new override those in the original object if duplicates occur.

Since the test object is passed to every test method as it runs it is a convenient place to store test fixtures. For example:

sub make_fixture : Test(setup) {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->{object} = Object->new();
    $self->{dbh} = Mock::DBI->new(-type => normal);
};

sub test_open : Test {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($o, $dbh) = ($self->{object}, $self->{dbh});
    ok($o->open($dbh), "opened ok");
};

See num_method_tests() for an example of overriding new.

expected_tests

$n = $Tests->expected_tests
$n = CLASS->expected_tests
$n = $Tests->expected_tests(TEST, ...)
$n = CLASS->expected_tests(TEST, ...)

Returns the total number of tests that runtests() will run on the specified class/object. This includes tests run by any setup and teardown methods.

Will return no_plan if the exact number of tests is undetermined (i.e. if any setup, test or teardown method has an undetermined number of tests).

The expected_tests of an object after runtests() has been executed will include any run time changes to the expected number of tests made by num_tests() or num_method_tests().

expected_tests can also take an optional list of test objects, test classes and integers. In this case the result is the total number of expected tests for all the test/object classes (including the one the method was applied to) plus any integer values.

expected_tests is useful when you're integrating one or more test classes into a more traditional test script, for example:

use Test::More;
use My::Test::Class;

plan tests => My::Test::Class->expected_tests(+2);

ok(whatever, 'a test');
ok(whatever, 'another test');
My::Test::Class->runtests;

runtests

$allok = $Tests->runtests
$allok = CLASS->runtests
$allok = $Tests->runtests(TEST, ...)
$allok = CLASS->runtests(TEST, ...)

runtests is used to run test classes. At its most basic doing:

$test->runtests

will run the test methods of the test object $test, unless $test->SKIP_CLASS returns a true value.

Unless you have already specified a test plan using Test::Builder (or Test::More, et al) runtests will set the test plan just before the first method that runs a test is executed.

If the environment variable TEST_VERBOSE is set runtests will display the name of each test method before it runs like this:

# My::Test::Class->my_test
ok 1 - fribble
# My::Test::Class->another_test
ok 2 - bar

Just like expected_tests(), runtests can take an optional list of test object/classes and integers. All of the test object/classes are run. Any integers are added to the total number of tests shown in the test header output by runtests.

For example, you can run all the tests in test classes A, B and C, plus one additional normal test by doing:

Test::Class->runtests(qw(A B C), +1);
ok(1==1, 'non class test');

Finally, if you call runtests on a test class without any arguments it will run all of the test methods of that class, and all subclasses of that class. For example:

#! /usr/bin/perl
# Test all the Foo stuff

use Foo::Test;
use Foo::Bar::Test;
use Foo::Ni::Test;

# run all the Foo*Test modules we just loaded
Test::Class->runtests;

SKIP_CLASS

$reason = CLASS->SKIP_CLASS;
CLASS->SKIP_CLASS( $reason );

Determines whether the test class CLASS should run it's tests. If SKIP_CLASS returns a true value then runtests() will not run any of the test methods in CLASS.

You can override the default on a class-by-class basis by supplying a new value to SKIP_CLASS. For example if you have an abstract base class that should not run just add the following to your module:

My::Abstract::Test->SKIP_CLASS( 1 );

This will not affect any sub-classes of My::Abstract::Test which will run as normal.

If the true value returned by SKIP_CLASS is anything other than "1" then a skip test is output using this value as the skip message. For example:

My::Postgres::Test->SKIP_CLASS(
    $ENV{POSTGRES_HOME} ? 0 : '$POSTGRES_HOME needs to be set'
);

will output something like this if POSTGRES_HOME is not set

... other tests ...
ok 123 # skip My::Postgres::Test  - $POSTGRES_HOME needs to be set
... more tests ...

You can also override SKIP_CLASS for a class hierarchy. For example, to prevent any subclasses of My::Postgres::Test running we could override SKIP_CLASS like this:

sub My::Postgres::Test::SKIP_CLASS {
    $ENV{POSTGRES_HOME} ? 0 : '$POSTGRES_HOME needs to be set'
};

Fetching and setting a method's test number

num_method_tests

$n = $Tests->num_method_tests($method_name)
$Tests->num_method_tests($method_name, $n)
$n = CLASS->num_method_tests($method_name)
CLASS->num_method_tests($method_name, $n)

Fetch or set the number of tests that the named method is expected to run.

If the method has an undetermined number of tests then $n should be the string no_plan.

If the method is extending the number of tests run by the method in a superclass then $n should have a + prefix.

When called as a class method any change to the expected number of tests applies to all future test objects. Existing test objects are unaffected.

When called as an object method any change to the expected number of tests applies to that object alone.

num_method_tests is useful when you need to set the expected number of tests at object creation time, rather than at compile time.

For example, the following test class will run a different number of tests depending on the number of objects supplied.

package Object::Test; 
use base qw(Test::Class);
use Test::More;

sub new {
    my $class = shift;
    my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
    my $num_objects = @{$self->{objects}};
    $self->num_method_tests('test_objects', $num_objects);
    return($self);
};

sub test_objects : Tests {
  my $self = shift;
  ok($_->open, "opened $_") foreach @{$self->{objects}};
};
...
# This runs two tests
Object::Test->new(objects => [$o1, $o2]);

The advantage of setting the number of tests at object creation time, rather than using a test method without a plan, is that the number of expected tests can be determined before testing begins. This allows better diagnostics from runtests(), Test::Builder and Test::Harness.

num_method_tests is a protected method and can only be called by subclasses of Test::Class. It fetches or sets the expected number of tests for the methods of the class it was called in, not the methods of the object/class it was applied to. This allows test classes that use num_method_tests to be subclassed easily.

For example, consider the creation of a subclass of Object::Test that ensures that all the opened objects are read-only:

package Special::Object::Test;
use base qw(Object::Test);
use Test::More;

sub test_objects : Test(+1) {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->SUPER::test_objects;
    my @bad_objects = grep {! $_->read_only} (@{$self->{objects}});
    ok(@bad_objects == 0, "all objects read only");
};
...
# This runs three tests
Special::Object::Test->new(objects => [$o1, $o2]);

Since the call to num_method_tests in Object::Test only affects the test_objects of Object::Test, the above works as you would expect.

num_tests

$n = $Tests->num_tests
$Tests->num_tests($n)
$n = CLASS->num_tests
CLASS->num_tests($n)

Set or return the number of expected tests associated with the currently running test method. This is the same as calling num_method_tests() with a method name of current_method().

For example:

sub txt_files_readable : Tests {
    my $self = shift;
    my @files = <*.txt>;
    $self->num_tests(scalar(@files));
    ok(-r $_, "$_ readable") foreach (@files);
};

Setting the number of expected tests at run time, rather than just having a no_plan test method, allows runtests() to display appropriate diagnostic messages if the method runs a different number of tests.

Support methods

builder

$Tests->builder

Returns the underlying Test::Builder object that Test::Class uses. For example:

sub test_close : Test {
    my $self = shift;
    my ($o, $dbh) = ($self->{object}, $self->{dbh});
    $self->builder->ok($o->close($dbh), "closed ok");
};

current_method

$method_name = $Tests->current_method
$method_name = CLASS->current_method

Returns the name of the test method currently being executed by runtests(), or undef if runtests() has not been called.

The method name is also available in the setup and teardown methods that run before and after the test method. This can be useful in producing diagnostic messages, for example:

sub test_invarient : Test(teardown => 1) {
    my $self = shift;
    my $m = $self->current_method;
    ok($self->invarient_ok, "class okay after $m");
};

BAILOUT

$Tests->BAILOUT($reason)
CLASS->BAILOUT($reason)

Things are going so badly all testing should terminate, including running any additional test scripts invoked by Test::Harness. This is exactly the same as doing:

$self->builder->BAILOUT

See "BAILOUT" in Test::Builder for details. Any teardown and shutdown methods are not run.

FAIL_ALL

$Tests->FAIL_ALL($reason)
CLASS->FAIL_ALL($reason)

Things are going so badly all the remaining tests in the current script should fail. Exits immediately with the number of tests failed, or 254 if more than 254 tests were run. Any teardown methods are not run.

This does not affect the running of any other test scripts invoked by Test::Harness.

For example, if all your tests rely on the ability to create objects then you might want something like this as an early test:

sub _test_new : Test(3) {
    my $self = shift;
    isa_ok(Object->new, "Object") 
        || $self->FAIL_ALL('cannot create Objects');
    ...
};

SKIP_ALL

$Tests->SKIP_ALL($reason)
CLASS->SKIP_ALL($reason)

Things are going so badly all the remaining tests in the current script should be skipped. Exits immediately with 0 - teardown methods are not run.

This does not affect the running of any other test scripts invoked by Test::Harness.

For example, if you had a test script that only applied to the darwin OS you could write:

sub _darwin_only : Test(setup) {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->SKIP_ALL("darwin only") unless $^O eq "darwin";    
};

add_testinfo

CLASS->add_testinfo($name, $type, $num_tests)

Chiefly for use by libraries like Test::Class::Sugar, which can't use the :Test(...) interfaces make test methods. add_testinfo informs the class about a test method that has been defined without a Test, Tests or other attribute.

$name is the name of the method, $type must be one of startup, setup, test, teardown or shutdown, and $num_tests has the same meaning as N in the description of the Test attribute.

add_filter

CLASS->add_filter($filter_coderef);

Adds a filtering coderef. Each filter is passed a test class and method name and returns a boolean. All filters are applied globally in the order they were added. If any filter returns false the test method is not run or included in the number of tests.

Note that filters will only be run for normal test methods, they are ignored for startup, shutdown, setup, and teardown test methods.

See the section on the "GENERAL FILTERING OF TESTS" for more information.

fail_if_returned_early

Controls what happens if a method returns before it has run all of its tests. It is called with no arguments in boolean context; if it returns true, then the missing tests fail, otherwise, they skip. See "Returning Early" and "Skipped Tests".

HELP FOR CONFUSED JUNIT USERS

This section is for people who have used JUnit (or similar) and are confused because they don't see the TestCase/Suite/Runner class framework they were expecting. Here we take each of the major classes in JUnit and compare them with their equivalent Perl testing modules.

Class Assert

The test assertions provided by Assert correspond to the test functions provided by the Test::Builder based modules (Test::More, Test::Exception, Test::Differences, etc.)

Unlike JUnit the test functions supplied by Test::More et al do not throw exceptions on failure. They just report the failure to STDOUT where it is collected by Test::Harness. This means that where you have

sub foo : Test(2) {
    ok($foo->method1);
    ok($foo->method2);
};

The second test will run if the first one fails. You can emulate the JUnit way of doing it by throwing an explicit exception on test failure:

sub foo : Test(2) {
    ok($foo->method1) or die "method1 failed";
    ok($foo->method2);
};

The exception will be caught by Test::Class and the other test automatically failed.

Class TestCase

Test::Class corresponds to TestCase in JUnit.

In Test::Class setup, test and teardown methods are marked explicitly using the Test attribute. Since we need to know the total number of tests to provide a test plan for Test::Harness we also state how many tests each method runs.

Unlike JUnit you can have multiple setup/teardown methods in a class.

Class TestSuite

Test::Class also does the work that would be done by TestSuite in JUnit.

Since the methods are marked with attributes Test::Class knows what is and isn't a test method. This allows it to run all the test methods without having the developer create a suite manually, or use reflection to dynamically determine the test methods by name. See the runtests() method for more details.

The running order of the test methods is fixed in Test::Class. Methods are executed in alphabetical order.

Unlike JUnit, Test::Class currently does not allow you to run individual test methods.

Class TestRunner

Test::Harness does the work of the TestRunner in JUnit. It collects the test results (sent to STDOUT) and collates the results.

Unlike JUnit there is no distinction made by Test::Harness between errors and failures. However, it does support skipped and todo test - which JUnit does not.

If you want to write your own test runners you should look at Test::Harness::Straps.

OTHER MODULES FOR XUNIT TESTING IN PERL

In addition to Test::Class there are two other distributions for xUnit testing in perl. Both have a longer history than Test::Class and might be more suitable for your needs.

I am biased since I wrote Test::Class - so please read the following with appropriate levels of scepticism. If you think I have misrepresented the modules please let me know.

Test::SimpleUnit

A very simple unit testing framework. If you are looking for a lightweight single module solution this might be for you.

The advantage of Test::SimpleUnit is that it is simple! Just one module with a smallish API to learn.

Of course this is also the disadvantage.

It's not class based so you cannot create testing classes to reuse and extend.

It doesn't use Test::Builder so it's difficult to extend or integrate with other testing modules. If you are already familiar with Test::Builder, Test::More and friends you will have to learn a new test assertion API. It does not support todo tests.

Test::Unit

Test::Unit is a port of JUnit http://www.junit.org/ into perl. If you have used JUnit then the Test::Unit framework should be very familiar.

It is class based so you can easily reuse your test classes and extend by subclassing. You get a nice flexible framework you can tweak to your heart's content. If you can run Tk you also get a graphical test runner.

However, Test::Unit is not based on Test::Builder. You cannot easily move Test::Builder based test functions into Test::Unit based classes. You have to learn another test assertion API.

Test::Unit implements it's own testing framework separate from Test::Harness. You can retrofit *.t scripts as unit tests, and output test results in the format that Test::Harness expects, but things like todo tests and skipping tests are not supported.

BUGS

None known at the time of writing.

If you find any bugs please let me know by e-mail at <adrianh@quietstars.com>, or report the problem with http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Test-Class.

COMMUNITY

perl-qa

If you are interested in testing using Perl I recommend you visit http://qa.perl.org/ and join the excellent perl-qa mailing list. See http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=perl-qa for details on how to subscribe.

perlmonks

You can find users of Test::Class, including the module author, on http://www.perlmonks.org/. Feel free to ask questions on Test::Class there.

CPAN::Forum

The CPAN Forum is a web forum for discussing Perl's CPAN modules. The Test::Class forum can be found at http://www.cpanforum.com/dist/Test-Class.

TO DO

If you think this module should do something that it doesn't (or does something that it shouldn't) please let me know.

You can see my current to do list at http://adrianh.tadalist.com/lists/public/4798, with an RSS feed of changes at http://adrianh.tadalist.com/lists/feed_public/4798.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This is yet another implementation of the ideas from Kent Beck's Testing Framework paper http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm.

Thanks to Adam Kennedy, agianni, Alexander D'Archangel, Andrew Grangaard, Apocalypse, Ask Bjorn Hansen, Chris Dolan, Chris Williams, Corion, Cosimo Streppone, Daniel Berger, Dave Evans, Dave O'Neill, David Cantrell, David Wheeler, Diab Jerius, Emil Jansson, Gunnar Wolf, Hai Pham, Hynek, imacat, Jeff Deifik, Jim Brandt, Jochen Stenzel, Johan Lindstrom, John West, Jonathan R. Warden, Joshua ben Jore, Jost Krieger, Ken Fox, Kenichi Ishigaki Lee Goddard, Mark Morgan, Mark Reynolds, Mark Stosberg, Martin Ferrari, Mathieu Sauve-Frankel, Matt Trout, Matt Williamson, Michael G Schwern, Murat Uenalan, Naveed Massjouni, Nicholas Clark, Ovid, Piers Cawley, Rob Kinyon, Sam Raymer, Scott Lanning, Sebastien Aperghis-Tramoni, Steve Kirkup, Stray Toaster, Ted Carnahan, Terrence Brannon, Todd W, Tom Metro, Tony Bowden, Tony Edwardson, William McKee, various anonymous folk and all the fine people on perl-qa for their feedback, patches, suggestions and nagging.

This module wouldn't be possible without the excellent Test::Builder. Thanks to chromatic and Michael G Schwern for creating such a useful module.

AUTHORS

Adrian Howard <adrianh@quietstars.com>, Curtis "Ovid" Poe, <ovid at cpan.org>, Mark Morgan <makk384@gmail.com>.

If you use this module, and can spare the time please let us know or rate it at http://cpanratings.perl.org/rate/?distribution=Test-Class.

LICENCE

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

To install Test::Class, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Test::Class

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Test::Class

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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