/ 
Devel-Declare-0.005004
River stage three • 46 direct dependents • 273 total dependents
/ Devel::Declare

NAME

Devel::Declare - Adding keywords to perl, in perl

SYNOPSIS

use Method::Signatures;
# or ...
use MooseX::Declare;
# etc.

# Use some new and exciting syntax like:
method hello (Str :$who, Int :$age where { $_ > 0 }) {
  $self->say("Hello ${who}, I am ${age} years old!");
}

DESCRIPTION

Devel::Declare can install subroutines called declarators which locally take over Perl's parser, allowing the creation of new syntax.

This document describes how to create a simple declarator.

USAGE

We'll demonstrate the usage of Devel::Declare with a motivating example: a new method keyword, which acts like the builtin sub, but automatically unpacks $self and the other arguments.

package My::Methods;
use Devel::Declare;

Creating a declarator with setup_for

You will typically create

sub import {
  my $class = shift;
  my $caller = caller;

  Devel::Declare->setup_for(
      $caller,
      { method => { const => \&parser } }
  );
  no strict 'refs';
  *{$caller.'::method'} = sub (&) {};
}

Starting from the end of this import routine, you'll see that we're creating a subroutine called method in the caller's namespace. Yes, that's just a normal subroutine, and it does nothing at all (yet!) Note the prototype (&) which means that the caller would call it like so:

method {
    my ($self, $arg1, $arg2) = @_;
    ...
}

However we want to be able to call it like this

method foo ($arg1, $arg2) {
    ...
}

That's why we call setup_for above, to register the declarator 'method' with a custom parser, as per the next section. It acts on an optype, usually 'const' as above. (Other valid values are 'check' and 'rv2cv').

For a simpler way to install new methods, see also Devel::Declare::MethodInstaller::Simple

Writing a parser subroutine

This subroutine is called at compilation time, and allows you to read the custom syntaxes that we want (in a syntax that may or may not be valid core Perl 5) and munge it so that the result will be parsed by the perl compiler.

For this example, we're defining some globals for convenience:

our ($Declarator, $Offset);

Then we define a parser subroutine to handle our declarator. We'll look at this in a few chunks.

sub parser {
  local ($Declarator, $Offset) = @_;

Devel::Declare provides some very low level utility methods to parse character strings. We'll define some useful higher level routines below for convenience, and we can use these to parse the various elements in our new syntax.

Notice how our parser subroutine is invoked at compile time, when the perl parser is pointed just before the declarator name.

skip_declarator;          # step past 'method'
my $name = strip_name;    # strip out the name 'foo', if present
my $proto = strip_proto;  # strip out the prototype '($arg1, $arg2)', if present

Now we can prepare some code to 'inject' into the new subroutine. For example we might want the method as above to have my ($self, $arg1, $arg2) = @_ injected at the beginning of it. We also do some clever stuff with scopes that we'll look at shortly.

my $inject = make_proto_unwrap($proto);
if (defined $name) {
  $inject = scope_injector_call().$inject;
}
inject_if_block($inject);

We've now managed to change method ($arg1, $arg2) { ... } into method { injected_code; ... }. This will compile... but we've lost the name of the method!

In a cute (or horrifying, depending on your perspective) trick, we temporarily change the definition of the subroutine method itself, to specialise it with the $name we stripped, so that it assigns the code block to that name.

Even though the next time method is compiled, it will be redefined again, perl caches these definitions in its parse tree, so we'll always get the right one!

Note that we also handle the case where there was no name, allowing an anonymous method analogous to an anonymous subroutine.

  if (defined $name) {
    $name = join('::', Devel::Declare::get_curstash_name(), $name)
      unless ($name =~ /::/);
    shadow(sub (&) { no strict 'refs'; *{$name} = shift; });
  } else {
    shadow(sub (&) { shift });
  }
}

Parser utilities in detail

For simplicity, we're using global variables like $Offset in these examples. You may prefer to look at Devel::Declare::Context::Simple, which encapsulates the context much more cleanly.

skip_declarator

This simple parser just moves across a 'token'. The common case is to skip the declarator, i.e. to move to the end of the string 'method' and before the prototype and code block.

sub skip_declarator {
  $Offset += Devel::Declare::toke_move_past_token($Offset);
}

toke_move_past_token

This builtin parser simply moves past a 'token' (matching /[a-zA-Z_]\w*/) It takes an offset into the source document, and skips past the token. It returns the number of characters skipped.

strip_name

This parser skips any whitespace, then scans the next word (again matching a 'token'). We can then analyse the current line, and manipulate it (using pure Perl). In this case we take the name of the method out, and return it.

sub strip_name {
  skipspace;
  if (my $len = Devel::Declare::toke_scan_word($Offset, 1)) {
    my $linestr = Devel::Declare::get_linestr();
    my $name = substr($linestr, $Offset, $len);
    substr($linestr, $Offset, $len) = '';
    Devel::Declare::set_linestr($linestr);
    return $name;
  }
  return;
}

toke_scan_word

This builtin parser, given an offset into the source document, matches a 'token' as above but does not skip. It returns the length of the token matched, if any.

get_linestr

This builtin returns the full text of the current line of the source document.

set_linestr

This builtin sets the full text of the current line of the source document.

skipspace

This parser skips whitsepace.

sub skipspace {
  $Offset += Devel::Declare::toke_skipspace($Offset);
}

toke_skipspace

This builtin parser, given an offset into the source document, skips over any whitespace, and returns the number of characters skipped.

strip_proto

This is a more complex parser that checks if it's found something that starts with '(' and returns everything till the matching ')'.

sub strip_proto {
  skipspace;

  my $linestr = Devel::Declare::get_linestr();
  if (substr($linestr, $Offset, 1) eq '(') {
    my $length = Devel::Declare::toke_scan_str($Offset);
    my $proto = Devel::Declare::get_lex_stuff();
    Devel::Declare::clear_lex_stuff();
    $linestr = Devel::Declare::get_linestr();
    substr($linestr, $Offset, $length) = '';
    Devel::Declare::set_linestr($linestr);
    return $proto;
  }
  return;
}

toke_scan_str

This builtin parser uses Perl's own parsing routines to match a "stringlike" expression. Handily, this includes bracketed expressions (just think about things like q(this is a quote)).

Also it Does The Right Thing with nested delimiters (like q(this (is (a) quote))).

It returns the length of the expression matched. Use get_lex_stuff to get the actual matched text.

get_lex_stuff

This builtin returns what was matched by toke_scan_str. To avoid segfaults, you should call clear_lex_stuff immediately afterwards.

Munging the subroutine

Let's look at what we need to do in detail.

make_proto_unwrap

We may have defined our method in different ways, which will result in a different value for our prototype, as parsed above. For example:

method foo         {  # undefined
method foo ()      {  # ''
method foo ($arg1) {  # '$arg1'

We deal with them as follows, and return the appropriate my ($self, ...) = @_; string.

sub make_proto_unwrap {
  my ($proto) = @_;
  my $inject = 'my ($self';
  if (defined $proto) {
    $inject .= ", $proto" if length($proto);
    $inject .= ') = @_; ';
  } else {
    $inject .= ') = shift;';
  }
  return $inject;
}

inject_if_block

Now we need to inject it after the opening '{' of the method body. We can do this with the building blocks we defined above like skipspace and get_linestr.

sub inject_if_block {
  my $inject = shift;
  skipspace;
  my $linestr = Devel::Declare::get_linestr;
  if (substr($linestr, $Offset, 1) eq '{') {
    substr($linestr, $Offset+1, 0) = $inject;
    Devel::Declare::set_linestr($linestr);
  }
}

scope_injector_call

We want to be able to handle both named and anonymous methods. i.e.

method foo () { ... }
my $meth = method () { ... };

These will then get rewritten as

method { ... }
my $meth = method { ... };

where 'method' is a subroutine that takes a code block. Spot the problem? The first one doesn't have a semicolon at the end of it! Unlike 'sub' which is a builtin, this is just a normal statement, so we need to terminate it. Luckily, using B::Hooks::EndOfScope, we can do this!

use B::Hooks::EndOfScope;

We'll add this to what gets 'injected' at the beginning of the method source.

sub scope_injector_call {
  return ' BEGIN { MethodHandlers::inject_scope }; ';
}

So at the beginning of every method, we are passing a callback that will get invoked at the end of the method's compilation... i.e. exactly then the closing '}' is compiled.

sub inject_scope {
  on_scope_end {
    my $linestr = Devel::Declare::get_linestr;
    my $offset = Devel::Declare::get_linestr_offset;
    substr($linestr, $offset, 0) = ';';
    Devel::Declare::set_linestr($linestr);
  };
}

Shadowing each method.

shadow

We override the current definition of 'method' using shadow.

sub shadow {
  my $pack = Devel::Declare::get_curstash_name;
  Devel::Declare::shadow_sub("${pack}::${Declarator}", $_[0]);
}

For a named method we invoked like this:

shadow(sub (&) { no strict 'refs'; *{$name} = shift; });

So in the case of a method foo { ... }, this call would redefine method to be a subroutine that exports 'sub foo' as the (munged) contents of {...}.

The case of an anonymous method is also cute:

shadow(sub (&) { shift });

This means that

my $meth = method () { ... };

is rewritten with method taking the codeblock, and returning it as is to become the value of $meth.

get_curstash_name

This returns the package name currently being compiled.

shadow_sub

Handles the details of redefining the subroutine.

SEE ALSO

One of the best ways to learn Devel::Declare is still to look at modules that use it:

http://cpants.perl.org/dist/used_by/Devel-Declare.

AUTHORS

Matt S Trout - <mst@shadowcat.co.uk> - original author

Company: http://www.shadowcat.co.uk/ Blog: http://chainsawblues.vox.com/

Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org> - maintainer

osfameron <osfameron@cpan.org> - first draft of documentation

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This library is free software under the same terms as perl itself

Copyright (c) 2007, 2008, 2009 Matt S Trout

Copyright (c) 2008, 2009 Florian Ragwitz

stolen_chunk_of_toke.c based on toke.c from the perl core, which is

Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, by Larry Wall and others