Name

Util::H2O - Hash to Object: turns hashrefs into objects with accessors for keys

Synopsis

use Util::H2O;

my $hash = h2o { foo => "bar", x => "y" }, qw/ more keys /;
print $hash->foo, "\n";           # accessor
$hash->x("z");                    # change value
$hash->more("cowbell");           # additional keys

my $struct = { hello => { perl => "world!" } };
h2o -recurse, $struct;            # objectify nested hashrefs as well
print $struct->hello->perl, "\n";

my $obj = h2o -meth, {            # code references become methods
    what => "beans",
    cool => sub {
        my $self = shift;
        print $self->what, "\n";
    } };
$obj->cool;                       # prints "beans"

h2o -classify=>'Point', {         # whip up a class
        angle => sub { my $self = shift; atan2($self->y, $self->x) }
    }, qw/ x y /;
my $one = Point->new(x=>1, y=>2);
my $two = Point->new(x=>3, y=>4);
printf "%.3f\n", $two->angle;     # prints 0.927

Description

This module allows you to turn hashrefs into objects, so that instead of $hash->{key} you can write $hash->key, plus you get protection from typos. In addition, options are provided that allow you to whip up really simple classes.

You can still use the hash like a normal hashref as well, as in $hash->{key}, keys %$hash, and so on, but note that by default this function also locks the hash's keyset to prevent typos there too.

This module exports a single function by default.

`h2o @opts, $hashref, @additional_keys`

`@opts`

If you specify an option with a value multiple times, only the last one will take effect.

-recurse

Nested hashes are objectified as well. The only options that are passed down to nested hashes are -lock and -ro. None of the other options will be applied to the nested hashes, including @additional_keys. Nested arrayrefs are not recursed into.

Versions of this module before v0.12 did not pass down the -lock option, meaning that if you used -nolock, -recurse on those versions, the nested hashes would still be locked.

-meth

Any code references present in the hash at the time of this function call will be turned into methods. Because these methods are installed into the object's package, they can't be changed later by modifying the hash.

To avoid confusion when iterating over the hash, the hash entries that were turned into methods are removed from the hash. The key is also removed from the "allowed keys" (see the -lock option), unless you specify it in @additional_keys. In that case, you can change the value of that key completely independently of the method with the same name.

-class => classname

Specify the class name into which to bless the object (as opposed to the default: a generated, unique package name in Util::H2O::).

Note: If you use this option, -clean defaults to false, meaning that the package will stay in Perl's symbol table and use memory accordingly, and since this function installs the accessors in the package every time it is called, if you re-use the same package name, you will get "redefined" warnings. Therefore, if you want to create multiple objects in the same package, you should probably use -new.

-classify => classname_string or $hashref

In the form -classify => classname_string, this is simply the short form of the options -new, -meth, -class => classname_string.

As of v0.16, in the special form -classify => $hashref, where the -classify must be the last option in @opts before the $hashref, it is the same as -new, -meth, -class => __PACKAGE__, $hashref - that is, the current package's name is used as the custom class name. It does not make sense to use this outside of an explicit package, since your class will be named main. With this option, the Point example in the "Synopsis" can be written like the following, which can be useful if you want to add more things to the package, or perhaps if you want to write your methods as regular subs:

{
    package Point;
    use Util::H2O;
    h2o -classify, {
         angle => sub { my $self = shift; atan2($self->y, $self->x) }
    }, qw/ x y /;
}

Note h2o will remain in the package's namespace, one possibility is that you could load namespace::clean after you load this module.

-isa => arrayref or scalar

Convenience option to set the @ISA variable in the package of the object, so that the object inherits from that/those package(s). This option was added in v0.14.

-new

Generates a constructor named new in the package. The constructor works as a class and instance method, and dies if it is given any arguments that it doesn't know about. If you want more advanced features, like required arguments, validation, or other initialization, you should probably switch to something like Moo instead.

-destroy => coderef

Allows you to specify a custom destructor. This coderef will be called from the object's actual DESTROY in void context with the first argument being the same as the first argument to the DESTROY method. Errors will be converted to warnings. This option was added in v0.14.

-clean => bool

Whether or not to clean up the generated package when the object is destroyed. Defaults to false when -class is specified, true otherwise. If this is false, be aware that the packages will stay in Perl's symbol table and use memory accordingly.

As of v0.16, this module will refuse to delete the package if it is named main.

-lock => bool

Whether or not to use Hash::Util's lock_ref_keys to prevent modifications to the hash's keyset. Defaults to true. The -nolock option is provided as a short form of -lock=>0.

Keysets of objects created by the constructor generated by the -new option are also locked. Versions of this module before v0.12 did not lock the keysets of new objects.

Note that on really old Perls, that is, before Perl v5.8.9, Hash::Util and its lock_ref_keys are not available, so the hash is never locked on those versions of Perl. Versions of this module before v0.06 did not lock the keyset. Versions of this module as of v0.12 issue a warning on old Perls.

-nolock

Short form of the option -lock=>0.

-ro

Makes the entire hash read-only using Hash::Util's lock_hashref and the generated accessors will also throw an error if you try to change values. In other words, this makes the object and the underlying hash immutable.

You cannot specify any @additional_keys with this option enabled unless you also use the -new option - the additional keys will then only be useful as arguments to the constructor. This option can't be used with -nolock or -lock=>0.

This option was added in v0.12. Using this option will not work and cause a warning when used on really old Perls (before v5.8.9), because this functionality was not yet available there.

`$hashref`

You must supply a plain (unblessed) hash reference here. Be aware that this function does modify the original hashref(s) by blessing it and locking its keyset (the latter can be disabled with the -lock option), and if you use -meth or -classify, keys whose values are code references will be removed.

An accessor will be set up for each key in the hash; note that the keys must of course be valid Perl identifiers for you to be able to call the method normally.

The following keys will be treated specially by this module. Please note that there are further keys that are treated specially by Perl and/or that other code may expect to be special, such as UNIVERSAL's isa. See also perlsub and the references therein.

new

This key is not allowed in the hash if the -new option is on.

DESTROY

This key is not allowed except if all of the following apply:

-destroy is not used,
-clean is off (which happens by default when you use -class),
-meth is on, and
the value of the key DESTROY is a coderef.

Versions of this module before v0.14 allowed a DESTROY key in more circumstances (whenever -clean was off).

AUTOLOAD

If your hash contains a key named AUTOLOAD, or this key is present in @additional_keys, this module will set up a method called AUTOLOAD, which is subject to Perl's normal autoloading behavior - see "Autoloading" in perlsub and "AUTOLOAD" in perlobj. Without the -meth option, you will get a "catch-all" accessor to which all method calls to unknown method names will go, and with -meth enabled (which is implied by -classify), you can install your own custom AUTOLOAD handler by passing a coderef as the value for this key - see "An Autoloading Example". However, it is important to note that enabling autoloading removes any typo protection on method names!

`@additional_keys`

Methods will be set up for these keys even if they do not exist in the hash.

Please see the list of keys that are treated specially above.

Returns

The (now blessed and optionally locked) $hashref.

Cookbook

Using with Config::Tiny

One common use case for this module is to make accessing hashes nicer, like for example those you get from Config::Tiny. Here's how you can create a new h2o object from a configuration file, and if you have Config::Tiny v2.27 or newer, the second part of the example for writing the configuration file back out will work too:

use Util::H2O;
use Config::Tiny;

my $config = h2o -recurse, {%{ Config::Tiny->read($config_filename) }};

say $config->foo->bar;  # prints the value of "bar" in section "[foo]"
$config->foo->bar("Hello, World!");  # change value

# write file back out, requires Config::Tiny v2.27 or newer
Config::Tiny->new({%$config})->write($config_filename);

Please be aware that since the above code only uses shallow copies, the nested hashes are actually not copied, and the second Config::Tiny object's nested hashes will still be h2o objects - but Config::Tiny doesn't mind this.

Debugging

Because the packages generated by h2o are dynamic, note that any debugging dumps of these objects will be somewhat incomplete because they won't show the methods. However, if you'd like somewhat nicer looking dumps of the data contained in the objects, one way you can do that is with Data::Dump::Filtered:

use Util::H2O;
use Data::Dump qw/dd/;
use Data::Dump::Filtered qw/add_dump_filter/;
add_dump_filter( sub {
    my ($ctx, $obj) = @_;
    return { bless=>'', comment=>'Util::H2O::h2o()' }
        if $ctx->class=~/^Util::H2O::/;
    return undef; # normal Data::Dump processing for all other objects
});

my $x = h2o -recurse, { foo => "bar", quz => { abc => 123 } };
dd $x;

Outputs:

# Util::H2O::h2o()
{
  foo => "bar",
  quz => # Util::H2O::h2o()
         { abc => 123 },
}

An Autoloading Example

If you wanted to create a class where (almost!) every method call is automatically translated to a hash access of the corresponding key, here's how you could do that:

h2o -classify=>'HashLikeObj', -nolock, {
    AUTOLOAD => sub {
        my $self = shift;
        our $AUTOLOAD;
        ( my $key = $AUTOLOAD ) =~ s/.*:://;
        $self->{$key} = shift if @_;
        return $self->{$key};
    } };

Upgrading to Moo

Let's say you've used this module to whip up two simple classes:

h2o -classify => 'My::Class', {}, qw/ foo bar details /;
h2o -classify => 'My::Class::Details', {}, qw/ a b /;

But now you need more features and would like to upgrade to a better OO system like Moo. Here's how you'd write the above code using that, with some Type::Tiny thrown in:

package My::Class2 {
    use Moo;
    use Types::Standard qw/ InstanceOf /;
    use namespace::clean; # optional but recommended
    has foo     => (is=>'rw');
    has bar     => (is=>'rw');
    has details => (is=>'rw', isa=>InstanceOf['My::Class2::Details']);
}
package My::Class2::Details {
    use Moo;
    use namespace::clean;
    has a => (is=>'rw');
    has b => (is=>'rw');
}

Author, Copyright, and License

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl 5 itself.

For more information see the Perl Artistic License, which should have been distributed with your copy of Perl. Try the command perldoc perlartistic or see http://perldoc.perl.org/perlartistic.html.

To install Util::H2O, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Util::H2O

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Util::H2O

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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Name

Synopsis

Description

h2o @opts, $hashref, @additional_keys

@opts

$hashref

@additional_keys