package Catalyst::Request;
use IO::Socket qw[AF_INET inet_aton];
use Carp;
use utf8;
use URI::http;
use URI::https;
use URI::QueryParam;
use HTTP::Headers;
use Stream::Buffered;
use Hash::MultiValue;
use Scalar::Util;
use Moose;
use namespace::clean -except => 'meta';
with 'MooseX::Emulate::Class::Accessor::Fast';
has env => (is => 'ro', writer => '_set_env', predicate => '_has_env');
# XXX Deprecated crap here - warn?
has action => (is => 'rw');
# XXX: Deprecated in docs ages ago (2006), deprecated with warning in 5.8000 due
# to confusion between Engines and Plugin::Authentication. Remove in 5.8100?
has user => (is => 'rw');
sub snippets        { shift->captures(@_) }
has _read_position => (
    # FIXME: work around Moose bug RT#75367
    # init_arg => undef,
    is => 'ro',
    writer => '_set_read_position',
    default => 0,
);
has _read_length => (
    # FIXME: work around Moose bug RT#75367
    # init_arg => undef,
    is => 'ro',
    default => sub {
        my $self = shift;
        $self->header('Content-Length') || 0;
    },
    lazy => 1,
);
has address => (is => 'rw');
has arguments => (is => 'rw', default => sub { [] });
has cookies => (is => 'ro', builder => 'prepare_cookies', lazy => 1);
sub prepare_cookies {
    my ( $self ) = @_;
    if ( my $header = $self->header('Cookie') ) {
        return { CGI::Simple::Cookie->parse($header) };
    }
    {};
}
has query_keywords => (is => 'rw');
has match => (is => 'rw');
has method => (is => 'rw');
has protocol => (is => 'rw');
has query_parameters  => (is => 'rw', lazy=>1, default => sub { shift->_use_hash_multivalue ? Hash::MultiValue->new : +{} });
has secure => (is => 'rw', default => 0);
has captures => (is => 'rw', default => sub { [] });
has uri => (is => 'rw', predicate => 'has_uri');
has remote_user => (is => 'rw');
has headers => (
  is      => 'rw',
  isa     => 'HTTP::Headers',
  handles => [qw(content_encoding content_length content_type header referer user_agent)],
  builder => 'prepare_headers',
  lazy => 1,
);
sub prepare_headers {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $env = $self->env;
    my $headers = HTTP::Headers->new();
    for my $header (keys %{ $env }) {
        next unless $header =~ /^(HTTP|CONTENT|COOKIE)/i;
        (my $field = $header) =~ s/^HTTPS?_//;
        $field =~ tr/_/-/;
        $headers->header($field => $env->{$header});
    }
    return $headers;
}
has _log => (
    is => 'ro',
    weak_ref => 1,
    required => 1,
);
has io_fh => (
    is=>'ro',
    predicate=>'_has_io_fh',
    lazy=>1,
    builder=>'_build_io_fh');
sub _build_io_fh {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->env->{'psgix.io'}
      || (
        $self->env->{'net.async.http.server.req'} &&
        $self->env->{'net.async.http.server.req'}->stream)   ## Until I can make ioasync cabal see the value of supportin psgix.io (jnap)
      || die "Your Server does not support psgix.io";
};
has data_handlers => ( is=>'ro', isa=>'HashRef', default=>sub { +{} } );
has body_data => (
    is=>'ro',
    lazy=>1,
    builder=>'_build_body_data');
sub _build_body_data {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $content_type = $self->content_type;
    my ($match) = grep { $content_type =~/$_/i }
      keys(%{$self->data_handlers});
    if($match) {
      my $fh = $self->body;
      local $_ = $fh;
      return $self->data_handlers->{$match}->($fh, $self);
    } else { 
      return undef;
    }
}
has _use_hash_multivalue => (
    is=>'ro', 
    required=>1, 
    default=> sub {0});
# Amount of data to read from input on each pass
our $CHUNKSIZE = 64 * 1024;
sub read {
    my ($self, $maxlength) = @_;
    my $remaining = $self->_read_length - $self->_read_position;
    $maxlength ||= $CHUNKSIZE;
    # Are we done reading?
    if ( $remaining <= 0 ) {
        return;
    }
    my $readlen = ( $remaining > $maxlength ) ? $maxlength : $remaining;
    my $rc = $self->read_chunk( my $buffer, $readlen );
    if ( defined $rc ) {
        if (0 == $rc) { # Nothing more to read even though Content-Length
                        # said there should be.
            return;
        }
        $self->_set_read_position( $self->_read_position + $rc );
        return $buffer;
    }
    else {
        Catalyst::Exception->throw(
            message => "Unknown error reading input: $!" );
    }
}
sub read_chunk {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->env->{'psgi.input'}->read(@_);
}
has body_parameters => (
  is => 'rw',
  required => 1,
  lazy => 1,
  builder => 'prepare_body_parameters',
);
has uploads => (
  is => 'rw',
  required => 1,
  default => sub { {} },
);
has parameters => (
    is => 'rw',
    lazy => 1,
    builder => '_build_parameters',
    clearer => '_clear_parameters',
);
# TODO:
# - Can we lose the before modifiers which just call prepare_body ?
#   they are wasteful, slow us down and feel cluttery.
#  Can we make _body an attribute, have the rest of
#  these lazy build from there and kill all the direct hash access
#  in Catalyst.pm and Engine.pm?
sub prepare_parameters {
    my ( $self ) = @_;
    $self->_clear_parameters;
    return $self->parameters;
}
sub _build_parameters {
    my ( $self ) = @_;
    my $parameters = {};
    my $body_parameters = $self->body_parameters;
    my $query_parameters = $self->query_parameters;
    if($self->_use_hash_multivalue) {
        return Hash::MultiValue->new($query_parameters->flatten, $body_parameters->flatten);
    }
    # We copy, no references
    foreach my $name (keys %$query_parameters) {
        my $param = $query_parameters->{$name};
        $parameters->{$name} = ref $param eq 'ARRAY' ? [ @$param ] : $param;
    }
    # Merge query and body parameters
    foreach my $name (keys %$body_parameters) {
        my $param = $body_parameters->{$name};
        my @values = ref $param eq 'ARRAY' ? @$param : ($param);
        if ( my $existing = $parameters->{$name} ) {
          unshift(@values, (ref $existing eq 'ARRAY' ? @$existing : $existing));
        }
        $parameters->{$name} = @values > 1 ? \@values : $values[0];
    }
    $parameters;
}
has _uploadtmp => (
    is => 'ro',
    predicate => '_has_uploadtmp',
);
sub prepare_body {
    my ( $self ) = @_;
    # If previously applied middleware created the HTTP::Body object, then we
    # just use that one.  
    if(my $plack_body = $self->_has_env ? $self->env->{'plack.request.http.body'} : undef) {
        $self->_body($plack_body);
        $self->_body->cleanup(1);
        return;
    }
    # If there is nothing to read, set body to naught and return.  This
    # will cause all body code to be skipped
    return $self->_body(0) unless my $length = $self->_read_length;
    # Unless the body has already been set, create it.  Not sure about this
    # code, how else might it be set, but this was existing logic.
    unless ($self->_body) {
        my $type = $self->header('Content-Type');
        $self->_body(HTTP::Body->new( $type, $length ));
        $self->_body->cleanup(1);
        # JNAP: I'm not sure this is doing what we expect, but it also doesn't
        # seem to be hurting (seems ->_has_uploadtmp is true more than I would
        # expect.
        $self->_body->tmpdir( $self->_uploadtmp )
          if $self->_has_uploadtmp;
    }
    # Ok if we get this far, we have to read psgi.input into the new body
    # object.  Lets play nice with any plack app or other downstream, so
    # we create a buffer unless one exists.
      
    my $stream_buffer;
    if ($self->env->{'psgix.input.buffered'}) {
        # Be paranoid about previous psgi middleware or apps that read the
        # input but didn't return the buffer to the start.
        $self->env->{'psgi.input'}->seek(0, 0);
    } else {
        $stream_buffer = Stream::Buffered->new($length);
    }
    # Check for definedness as you could read '0'
    while ( defined ( my $chunk = $self->read() ) ) {
        $self->prepare_body_chunk($chunk);
        $stream_buffer->print($chunk) if $stream_buffer;
    }
    # Ok, we read the body.  Lets play nice for any PSGI app down the pipe
    if ($stream_buffer) {
        $self->env->{'psgix.input.buffered'} = 1;
        $self->env->{'psgi.input'} = $stream_buffer->rewind;
    } else {
        $self->env->{'psgi.input'}->seek(0, 0); # Reset the buffer for downstream middleware or apps
    }
    # paranoia against wrong Content-Length header
    my $remaining = $length - $self->_read_position;
    if ( $remaining > 0 ) {
        Catalyst::Exception->throw("Wrong Content-Length value: $length" );
    }
}
sub prepare_body_chunk {
    my ( $self, $chunk ) = @_;
    $self->_body->add($chunk);
}
sub prepare_body_parameters {
    my ( $self ) = @_;
    $self->prepare_body if ! $self->_has_body;
    unless($self->_body) {
      return $self->_use_hash_multivalue ? Hash::MultiValue->new : {};
    }
    return $self->_use_hash_multivalue ?
        Hash::MultiValue->from_mixed($self->_body->param) :
        $self->_body->param;
}
sub prepare_connection {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $env = $self->env;
    $self->address( $env->{REMOTE_ADDR} );
    $self->hostname( $env->{REMOTE_HOST} )
        if exists $env->{REMOTE_HOST};
    $self->protocol( $env->{SERVER_PROTOCOL} );
    $self->remote_user( $env->{REMOTE_USER} );
    $self->method( $env->{REQUEST_METHOD} );
    $self->secure( $env->{'psgi.url_scheme'} eq 'https' ? 1 : 0 );
}
# XXX - FIXME - method is here now, move this crap...
around parameters => sub {
    my ($orig, $self, $params) = @_;
    if ($params) {
        if ( !ref $params ) {
            $self->_log->warn(
                "Attempt to retrieve '$params' with req->params(), " .
                "you probably meant to call req->param('$params')"
            );
            $params = undef;
        }
        return $self->$orig($params);
    }
    $self->$orig();
};
has base => (
  is => 'rw',
  required => 1,
  lazy => 1,
  default => sub {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->path if $self->has_uri;
  },
);
has _body => (
  is => 'rw', clearer => '_clear_body', predicate => '_has_body',
);
# Eugh, ugly. Should just be able to rename accessor methods to 'body'
#             and provide a custom reader..
sub body {
  my $self = shift;
  $self->prepare_body unless $self->_has_body;
  croak 'body is a reader' if scalar @_;
  return blessed $self->_body ? $self->_body->body : $self->_body;
}
has hostname => (
  is        => 'rw',
  required  => 1,
  lazy      => 1,
  default   => sub {
    my ($self) = @_;
    gethostbyaddr( inet_aton( $self->address ), AF_INET ) || $self->address
  },
);
has _path => ( is => 'rw', predicate => '_has_path', clearer => '_clear_path' );
sub args            { shift->arguments(@_) }
sub body_params     { shift->body_parameters(@_) }
sub input           { shift->body(@_) }
sub params          { shift->parameters(@_) }
sub query_params    { shift->query_parameters(@_) }
sub path_info       { shift->path(@_) }
=for stopwords param params
=head1 NAME
Catalyst::Request - provides information about the current client request
=head1 SYNOPSIS
    $req = $c->request;
    $req->address eq "127.0.0.1";
    $req->arguments;
    $req->args;
    $req->base;
    $req->body;
    $req->body_data;
    $req->body_parameters;
    $req->content_encoding;
    $req->content_length;
    $req->content_type;
    $req->cookie;
    $req->cookies;
    $req->header;
    $req->headers;
    $req->hostname;
    $req->input;
    $req->query_keywords;
    $req->match;
    $req->method;
    $req->param;
    $req->parameters;
    $req->params;
    $req->path;
    $req->protocol;
    $req->query_parameters;
    $req->read;
    $req->referer;
    $req->secure;
    $req->captures;
    $req->upload;
    $req->uploads;
    $req->uri;
    $req->user;
    $req->user_agent;
    $req->env;
See also L<Catalyst>, L<Catalyst::Request::Upload>.
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This is the Catalyst Request class, which provides an interface to data for the
current client request. The request object is prepared by L<Catalyst::Engine>,
thus hiding the details of the particular engine implementation.
=head1 METHODS
=head2 $req->address
Returns the IP address of the client.
=head2 $req->arguments
Returns a reference to an array containing the arguments.
    print $c->request->arguments->[0];
For example, if your action was
    package MyApp::Controller::Foo;
    sub moose : Local {
        ...
    }
and the URI for the request was C<http://.../foo/moose/bah>, the string C<bah>
would be the first and only argument.
Arguments get automatically URI-unescaped for you.
=head2 $req->args
Shortcut for L</arguments>.
=head2 $req->base
Contains the URI base. This will always have a trailing slash. Note that the
URI scheme (e.g., http vs. https) must be determined through heuristics;
depending on your server configuration, it may be incorrect. See $req->secure
for more info.
If your application was queried with the URI
C<http://localhost:3000/some/path> then C<base> is C<http://localhost:3000/>.
=head2 $req->body
Returns the message body of the request, as returned by L<HTTP::Body>: a string,
unless Content-Type is C<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, C<text/xml>, or
C<multipart/form-data>, in which case a L<File::Temp> object is returned.
=head2 $req->body_data
Returns a Perl representation of POST/PUT body data that is not classic HTML
form data, such as JSON, XML, etc.  By default, Catalyst will parse incoming
data of the type 'application/json' and return access to that data via this
method.  You may define addition data_handlers via a global configuration
setting.  See L<Catalyst\DATA HANDLERS> for more information.
=head2 $req->body_parameters
Returns a reference to a hash containing body (POST) parameters. Values can
be either a scalar or an arrayref containing scalars.
    print $c->request->body_parameters->{field};
    print $c->request->body_parameters->{field}->[0];
These are the parameters from the POST part of the request, if any.
=head2 $req->body_params
Shortcut for body_parameters.
=head2 $req->content_encoding
Shortcut for $req->headers->content_encoding.
=head2 $req->content_length
Shortcut for $req->headers->content_length.
=head2 $req->content_type
Shortcut for $req->headers->content_type.
=head2 $req->cookie
A convenient method to access $req->cookies.
    $cookie  = $c->request->cookie('name');
    @cookies = $c->request->cookie;
=cut
sub cookie {
    my $self = shift;
    if ( @_ == 0 ) {
        return keys %{ $self->cookies };
    }
    if ( @_ == 1 ) {
        my $name = shift;
        unless ( exists $self->cookies->{$name} ) {
            return undef;
        }
        return $self->cookies->{$name};
    }
}
=head2 $req->cookies
Returns a reference to a hash containing the cookies.
    print $c->request->cookies->{mycookie}->value;
The cookies in the hash are indexed by name, and the values are L<CGI::Simple::Cookie>
objects.
=head2 $req->header
Shortcut for $req->headers->header.
=head2 $req->headers
Returns an L<HTTP::Headers> object containing the headers for the current request.
    print $c->request->headers->header('X-Catalyst');
=head2 $req->hostname
Returns the hostname of the client. Use C<< $req->uri->host >> to get the hostname of the server.
=head2 $req->input
Alias for $req->body.
=head2 $req->query_keywords
Contains the keywords portion of a query string, when no '=' signs are
present.
    http://localhost/path?some+keywords
    $c->request->query_keywords will contain 'some keywords'
=head2 $req->match
This contains the matching part of a Regex action. Otherwise
it returns the same as 'action', except for default actions,
which return an empty string.
=head2 $req->method
Contains the request method (C<GET>, C<POST>, C<HEAD>, etc).
=head2 $req->param
Returns GET and POST parameters with a CGI.pm-compatible param method. This
is an alternative method for accessing parameters in $c->req->parameters.
    $value  = $c->request->param( 'foo' );
    @values = $c->request->param( 'foo' );
    @params = $c->request->param;
Like L<CGI>, and B<unlike> earlier versions of Catalyst, passing multiple
arguments to this method, like this:
    $c->request->param( 'foo', 'bar', 'gorch', 'quxx' );
will set the parameter C<foo> to the multiple values C<bar>, C<gorch> and
C<quxx>. Previously this would have added C<bar> as another value to C<foo>
(creating it if it didn't exist before), and C<quxx> as another value for
C<gorch>.
B<NOTE> this is considered a legacy interface and care should be taken when
using it. C<< scalar $c->req->param( 'foo' ) >> will return only the first
C<foo> param even if multiple are present; C<< $c->req->param( 'foo' ) >> will
return a list of as many are present, which can have unexpected consequences
when writing code of the form:
    $foo->bar(
        a => 'b',
        baz => $c->req->param( 'baz' ),
    );
If multiple C<baz> parameters are provided this code might corrupt data or
cause a hash initialization error. For a more straightforward interface see
C<< $c->req->parameters >>.
B<NOTE> Interfaces like this, which are based on L<CGI> and the C<param> method
are now known to cause demonstrated exploits. It is highly recommended that you
avoid using this method, and migrate existing code away from it.  Here's the
whitepaper of the exploit:
L<http://blog.gerv.net/2014/10/new-class-of-vulnerability-in-perl-web-applications/>
Basically this is an exploit that takes advantage of how L<\param> will do one thing
in scalar context and another thing in list context.  This is combined with how Perl
chooses to deal with duplicate keys in a hash definition by overwriting the value of
existing keys with a new value if the same key shows up again.  Generally you will be
vulnerale to this exploit if you are using this method in a direct assignment in a
hash, such as with a L<DBIx::Class> create statement.  For example, if you have
parameters like:
    user?user=123&foo=a&foo=user&foo=456
You could end up with extra parameters injected into your method calls:
    $c->model('User')->create({
      user => $c->req->param('user'),
      foo => $c->req->param('foo'),
    });
Which would look like:
    $c->model('User')->create({
      user => 123,
      foo => qw(a user 456),
    });
(or to be absolutely clear if you are not seeing it):
    $c->model('User')->create({
      user => 456,
      foo => 'a',
    });
Possible remediations include scrubbing your parameters with a form validator like
L<HTML::FormHandler> or being careful to force scalar context using the scalar
keyword:
    $c->model('User')->create({
      user => scalar($c->req->param('user')),
      foo => scalar($c->req->param('foo')),
    });
Upcoming versions of L<Catalyst> will disable this interface by default and require
you to positively enable it should you require it for backwards compatibility reasons.
=cut
sub param {
    my $self = shift;
    if ( @_ == 0 ) {
        return keys %{ $self->parameters };
    }
    # If anything in @_ is undef, carp about that, and remove it from
    # the list;
     
    my @params = grep { defined($_) ? 1 : do {carp "You called ->params with an undefined value"; 0} } @_;
    if ( @params == 1 ) {
        defined(my $param = shift @params) ||
          carp "You called ->params with an undefined value 2";
        unless ( exists $self->parameters->{$param} ) {
            return wantarray ? () : undef;
        }
        if ( ref $self->parameters->{$param} eq 'ARRAY' ) {
            return (wantarray)
              ? @{ $self->parameters->{$param} }
              : $self->parameters->{$param}->[0];
        }
        else {
            return (wantarray)
              ? ( $self->parameters->{$param} )
              : $self->parameters->{$param};
        }
    }
    elsif ( @params > 1 ) {
        my $field = shift @params;
        $self->parameters->{$field} = [@params];
    }
}
=head2 $req->parameters
Returns a reference to a hash containing GET and POST parameters. Values can
be either a scalar or an arrayref containing scalars.
    print $c->request->parameters->{field};
    print $c->request->parameters->{field}->[0];
This is the combination of C<query_parameters> and C<body_parameters>.
=head2 $req->params
Shortcut for $req->parameters.
=head2 $req->path
Returns the path, i.e. the part of the URI after $req->base, for the current request.
    http://localhost/path/foo
    $c->request->path will contain 'path/foo'
=head2 $req->path_info
Alias for path, added for compatibility with L<CGI>.
=cut
sub path {
    my ( $self, @params ) = @_;
    if (@params) {
        $self->uri->path(@params);
        $self->_clear_path;
    }
    elsif ( $self->_has_path ) {
        return $self->_path;
    }
    else {
        my $path     = $self->uri->path;
        my $location = $self->base->path;
        $path =~ s/^(\Q$location\E)?//;
        $path =~ s/^\///;
        $self->_path($path);
        return $path;
    }
}
=head2 $req->protocol
Returns the protocol (HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1) used for the current request.
=head2 $req->query_parameters
=head2 $req->query_params
Returns a reference to a hash containing query string (GET) parameters. Values can
be either a scalar or an arrayref containing scalars.
    print $c->request->query_parameters->{field};
    print $c->request->query_parameters->{field}->[0];
=head2 $req->read( [$maxlength] )
Reads a chunk of data from the request body. This method is intended to be
used in a while loop, reading $maxlength bytes on every call. $maxlength
defaults to the size of the request if not specified.
=head2 $req->read_chunk(\$buff, $max)
Reads a chunk.
You have to set MyApp->config(parse_on_demand => 1) to use this directly.
=head2 $req->referer
Shortcut for $req->headers->referer. Returns the referring page.
=head2 $req->secure
Returns true or false, indicating whether the connection is secure
(https). The reliability of $req->secure may depend on your server
configuration; Catalyst relies on PSGI to determine whether or not a
request is secure (Catalyst looks at psgi.url_scheme), and different
PSGI servers may make this determination in different ways (as by
directly passing along information from the server, interpreting any of
several HTTP headers, or using heuristics of their own).
=head2 $req->captures
Returns a reference to an array containing captured args from chained
actions or regex captures.
    my @captures = @{ $c->request->captures };
=head2 $req->upload
A convenient method to access $req->uploads.
    $upload  = $c->request->upload('field');
    @uploads = $c->request->upload('field');
    @fields  = $c->request->upload;
    for my $upload ( $c->request->upload('field') ) {
        print $upload->filename;
    }
=cut
sub upload {
    my $self = shift;
    if ( @_ == 0 ) {
        return keys %{ $self->uploads };
    }
    if ( @_ == 1 ) {
        my $upload = shift;
        unless ( exists $self->uploads->{$upload} ) {
            return wantarray ? () : undef;
        }
        if ( ref $self->uploads->{$upload} eq 'ARRAY' ) {
            return (wantarray)
              ? @{ $self->uploads->{$upload} }
              : $self->uploads->{$upload}->[0];
        }
        else {
            return (wantarray)
              ? ( $self->uploads->{$upload} )
              : $self->uploads->{$upload};
        }
    }
    if ( @_ > 1 ) {
        while ( my ( $field, $upload ) = splice( @_, 0, 2 ) ) {
            if ( exists $self->uploads->{$field} ) {
                for ( $self->uploads->{$field} ) {
                    $_ = [$_] unless ref($_) eq "ARRAY";
                    push( @$_, $upload );
                }
            }
            else {
                $self->uploads->{$field} = $upload;
            }
        }
    }
}
=head2 $req->uploads
Returns a reference to a hash containing uploads. Values can be either a
L<Catalyst::Request::Upload> object, or an arrayref of
L<Catalyst::Request::Upload> objects.
    my $upload = $c->request->uploads->{field};
    my $upload = $c->request->uploads->{field}->[0];
=head2 $req->uri
Returns a L<URI> object for the current request. Stringifies to the URI text.
=head2 $req->mangle_params( { key => 'value' }, $appendmode);
Returns a hashref of parameters stemming from the current request's params,
plus the ones supplied.  Keys for which no current param exists will be
added, keys with undefined values will be removed and keys with existing
params will be replaced.  Note that you can supply a true value as the final
argument to change behavior with regards to existing parameters, appending
values rather than replacing them.
A quick example:
  # URI query params foo=1
  my $hashref = $req->mangle_params({ foo => 2 });
  # Result is query params of foo=2
versus append mode:
  # URI query params foo=1
  my $hashref = $req->mangle_params({ foo => 2 }, 1);
  # Result is query params of foo=1&foo=2
This is the code behind C<uri_with>.
=cut
sub mangle_params {
    my ($self, $args, $append) = @_;
    carp('No arguments passed to mangle_params()') unless $args;
    foreach my $value ( values %$args ) {
        next unless defined $value;
        for ( ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ? @$value : $value ) {
            $_ = "$_";
            utf8::encode( $_ ) if utf8::is_utf8($_);
        }
    };
    my %params = %{ $self->uri->query_form_hash };
    foreach my $key (keys %{ $args }) {
        my $val = $args->{$key};
        if(defined($val)) {
            if($append && exists($params{$key})) {
                # This little bit of heaven handles appending a new value onto
                # an existing one regardless if the existing value is an array
                # or not, and regardless if the new value is an array or not
                $params{$key} = [
                    ref($params{$key}) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{ $params{$key} } : $params{$key},
                    ref($val) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{ $val } : $val
                ];
            } else {
                $params{$key} = $val;
            }
        } else {
            # If the param wasn't defined then we delete it.
            delete($params{$key});
        }
    }
    return \%params;
}
=head2 $req->uri_with( { key => 'value' } );
Returns a rewritten URI object for the current request. Key/value pairs
passed in will override existing parameters. You can remove an existing
parameter by passing in an undef value. Unmodified pairs will be
preserved.
You may also pass an optional second parameter that puts C<uri_with> into
append mode:
  $req->uri_with( { key => 'value' }, { mode => 'append' } );
See C<mangle_params> for an explanation of this behavior.
=cut
sub uri_with {
    my( $self, $args, $behavior) = @_;
    carp( 'No arguments passed to uri_with()' ) unless $args;
    my $append = 0;
    if((ref($behavior) eq 'HASH') && defined($behavior->{mode}) && ($behavior->{mode} eq 'append')) {
        $append = 1;
    }
    my $params = $self->mangle_params($args, $append);
    my $uri = $self->uri->clone;
    $uri->query_form($params);
    return $uri;
}
=head2 $req->remote_user
Returns the value of the C<REMOTE_USER> environment variable.
=head2 $req->user_agent
Shortcut to $req->headers->user_agent. Returns the user agent (browser)
version string.
=head2 $req->io_fh
Returns a psgix.io bidirectional socket, if your server supports one.  Used for
when you want to jailbreak out of PSGI and handle bidirectional client server
communication manually, such as when you are using cometd or websockets.
=head1 SETUP METHODS
You should never need to call these yourself in application code,
however they are useful if extending Catalyst by applying a request role.
=head2 $self->prepare_headers()
Sets up the C<< $res->headers >> accessor.
=head2 $self->prepare_body()
Sets up the body using L<HTTP::Body>
=head2 $self->prepare_body_chunk()
Add a chunk to the request body.
=head2 $self->prepare_body_parameters()
Sets up parameters from body.
=head2 $self->prepare_cookies()
Parse cookies from header. Sets up a L<CGI::Simple::Cookie> object.
=head2 $self->prepare_connection()
Sets up various fields in the request like the local and remote addresses,
request method, hostname requested etc.
=head2 $self->prepare_parameters()
Ensures that the body has been parsed, then builds the parameters, which are
combined from those in the request and those in the body.
If parameters have already been set will clear the parameters and build them again.
=head2 $self->env
Access to the raw PSGI env.  
=head2 meta
Provided by Moose
=head1 AUTHORS
Catalyst Contributors, see Catalyst.pm
=head1 COPYRIGHT
This library is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.
=cut
__PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;
1;