Name

Marpa::R3::Glade - Low-level interface to Marpa's Abstract Syntax Forests (ASF's)

Synopsis

my $grammar = Marpa::R3::Scanless::G->new(
    {   source => \(<<'END_OF_SOURCE'),
:start ::= pair
pair ::= duple | item item
duple ::= item item
item ::= Hesperus | Phosphorus
Hesperus ::= 'a'
Phosphorus ::= 'a'
END_OF_SOURCE
    }
);

my $slr = Marpa::R3::Scanless::R->new( { grammar => $grammar } );
$slr->read( \'aa' );
my $asf = Marpa::R3::ASF->new( { slr => $slr } );
die 'No ASF' if not defined $asf;
my $output_as_array = asf_to_basic_tree($asf);
my $actual_output   = array_display($output_as_array);

The code for asf_to_basic_tree() represents a user-supplied call using the interface described below. An full example of asf_to_basic_tree(), which constructs a Perl array "tree", is given below. array_display() displays the tree in a compact form. The code for it is also given below. The return value of array_display() is as follows:

Glade 2 has 2 symches
  Glade 2, Symch 0, pair ::= duple
      Glade 6, duple ::= item item
          Glade 8 has 2 symches
            Glade 8, Symch 0, item ::= Hesperus
                Glade 13, Hesperus ::= 'a'
                    Glade 15, Symbol 'a': "a"
            Glade 8, Symch 1, item ::= Phosphorus
                Glade 1, Phosphorus ::= 'a'
                    Glade 17, Symbol 'a': "a"
          Glade 7 has 2 symches
            Glade 7, Symch 0, item ::= Hesperus
                Glade 22, Hesperus ::= 'a'
                    Glade 24, Symbol 'a': "a"
            Glade 7, Symch 1, item ::= Phosphorus
                Glade 9, Phosphorus ::= 'a'
                    Glade 26, Symbol 'a': "a"
  Glade 2, Symch 1, pair ::= item item
      Glade 8 revisited
      Glade 7 revisited

About this document

This document describes the low-level interface to Marpa's abstract syntax forests (ASF's). It assumes that you are already familiar with the high-level interface. This low-level interface allows the maximum flexiblity in building the forest, but requires the application to do much of the work.

Ambiguity: factoring versus symches

An abstract syntax forest (ASF) is similar to an abstract syntax tree (AST), but it has an additional ability -- it can represent an ambiguous parse. Ambiguity in a parse can come in two forms, and Marpa's ASF's treat the distinction as important. An ambiguity can be a symbolic choice (a symch), or a factoring. Symbolic choices are the kind of ambiguity that springs first to mind -- a choice between rules, or a choice between a rule and token. Factorings involve only one rule, but the RHS symbols of that rule divide the input up ("factor it") in different ways. I'll give examples below.

Symches and factorings are treated separately, because they behave very differently:

Symches are less common than factorings.
Factorings are frequently not of interest; symches are almost always of major interest.
Symches usually have just a few alternatives; the possible number of factorings easily grows into the thousands.
In the worst case, the number of symches is a constant that depends on size of the grammar. In the worst case, the number of factorings grows exponentially with the length of the string being factored.
The constant limiting the number of symches will almost always be of manageable size. The number of factorings can grow without limit.

An example of a symch

Hesperus is Venus's traditional name as an evening star, and Phosphorus (aka Lucifer) is its traditional name as a morning star. For the grammar,

:start ::= planet
planet ::= hesperus
planet ::= phosphorus
hesperus ::= venus
phosphorus ::= venus
venus ~ 'venus'

and the input string 'venus', the forest would look like

Symbol #0 planet has 2 symches
  Symch #0.0
  GL2 Rule 0: planet ::= hesperus
    GL3 Rule 2: hesperus ::= venus
      GL4 Symbol venus: "venus"
  Symch #0.1
  GL2 Rule 1: planet ::= phosphorus
    GL5 Rule 3: phosphorus ::= venus
      GL6 Symbol venus: "venus"

Notice the tags of the form "GLn", where n is an integer. These identify the glade. Glades will be described in detail below.

The rules allow the string 'venus' to be parsed as either one of two planets: 'hesperus' or 'phosphorus', depending on whether rule 0 or rule 1 is used. The choice, at glade 2, between rules 0 and 1, is a symch.

An example of a factoring

For the grammar,

:start ::= top
top ::= b b
b ::= a a
b ::= a
a ~ 'a'

and the input 'aaa', a successful parse will always have two b's. Of these two b's one will always be short, deriving a string of length 1: 'a'. The other will always be long, deriving a string of length 2: 'aa'. But they can be in either order, which means that the two b's can divide up the input stream in two different ways: long string first; or short string first.

These two different ways of dividing the input stream using the rule

top ::= b b

are called a factoring. Here's Marpa's dump of the forest:

GL2 Rule 0: top ::= b b
  Factoring #0
    GL3 Rule 2: b ::= a
      GL4 Symbol a: "a"
    GL5 Rule 1: b ::= a a
      GL6 Symbol a: "a"
      GL7 Symbol a: "a"
  Factoring #1
    GL8 Rule 1: b ::= a a
      GL9 Symbol a: "a"
      GL10 Symbol a: "a"
    GL11 Rule 2: b ::= a
      GL12 Symbol a: "a"

The structure of a forest

The terminology I use for ASF's pictures an ASF as a forest on a mountain. This mountain forest has glades, and there are paths between the glades. The term "glade" comes from the idea of a glade as a distinct place in a forest that is open to light.

The paths between glades have a direction -- they are always thought of as running one-way: downhill. If a path connects two glades, the one uphill is called an upglade and the one downhill is called a downglade.

There is a glade at the top of mountain called the "peak". The peak has no upglades.

The glade hierarchy

The glade hierarchy is directed graph whose nodes are glades. Internally, glade nodes have an 3-level internal structure made up of

one or more symches, which contain
zero or more factorings, which contain
one or more downglades.

When discussing symches and factorings inside the internal structure of a glade G, G will be called the containing glade.

If G is a glade, the downglades in the internal structure will be the child nodes of G in the directed graph of glades. There may not be any downglades, in which case G will be a terminal in the directed graph of glades.

Glades

Each glade node represents an instance of a symbol in one of the possible parse trees. This means that each glade has a symbol (called the "glade symbol"), and an "input span". An input span is an input start location, and a length in characters. Because it has a start location and a length, a span also specifies an end location in the input.

Symches

Every glade contains one or more symches. If a glade has only one symch, that symch is said to be unique. A symch is either a token symch or a rule symch. For a token symch, the glade symbol is the token symbol. For a rule symch, the glade symbol is the LHS of the rule.

Token symches

At most one of the symches in a glade can be a token symch. Token symches have no children. In the internal structure of a glade, they are terminals. If a glade has a unique symch, and that symch is a token symch, that glade will be a terminal in the glade hierarchy.

Rule symches

There can be many rule symches in a glade -- one for every rule with the glade symbol on its LHS. As the name suggests, every rule symch has a rule associated with it. In every rule symch, the LHS of its rule will always be the same as the glade symbol of the glade that contains the rule symch.

Factorings

Every rule symch has one or more factorings, or factors, as children. A rule symch is said to contain its child factorings. Each factoring is the RHS of the parent symch's rule, mapped to a unique set of G1 locations. The term "factoring" is traditional in the literature and is meant to suggest that a factoring is a way of "dividing up" the input span of the containing glade among its RHS symbols.

If a rule symch has only one factoring, that factoring is said to be unique. Because the number of factorings can get out of hand, factorings may be omitted. A symch which omits factorings is said to be truncated. By default, every symch is truncated down to its first 42 factorings.

Downglades

Every factoring has one or more downglades as children. The number of downglades will be L, where L is the length of the RHS of the parent symch's rule. (The parent symch will always be a rule symch.) Each of L RHS symbols will be located at a specific G1 span, and will therefore be a symbol instance. This symbol instance will be the symbol instance of a glade, and that glade will be the downglade.

Within a glade, symches, factorings and downglades are tracked using zero-based indexes. Since the internal structure of a glade has a 3-level structure, within a given containing glade G, any downglade can be uniquely identified as ($symch_ix, $factor_ix, $downglade_ix), where $symch_ix is a zero-based symch index, $factor_ix is a zero-based factoring index, and $downglade_ix is a zero-based downglade index.

The glade ID

Each glade has a glade ID. This can be relied on to be a non-negative integer. A glade ID may be zero. Glade ID's are obtained from the "peak()" and "factoring_downglades()" methods.

Techniques for traversing ASF's

Memoization

When traversing a forest, you should take steps to avoid traversing the same glades twice. You can do this by memoizing the result of each glade, perhaps using its glade ID to index an array. When a glade is visited, the array can be checked to see if its result has been memoized. If so, the memoized result should be used.

This memoization eliminates the need to revisit the downglades of an already visited glade. It does not eliminate multiple visits to a glade, but it does eliminate retraversal of the glades downhill from it. In practice, the improvement in speed can be stunning. It will often be the difference between an program which is unuseably slow even for very small inputs, and one which is extremely fast even for large inputs.

Repeated subtraversals happen when two glades share the same downglades, something that occurs frequently in ASF's. Additionally, some day the SLIF may allow cycles. Memoization will prevent a cycle from causing an infinite loop.

The example in this POD includes a memoization scheme which is very simple, but adequate for most purposes. The main logic of its memoization is shown here.

my ( $asf, $glade, $seen ) = @_;
return bless ["Glade $glade revisited"], 'My_Revisit'
    if $seen->[$glade];
$seen->[$glade] = 1;

Putting memoization in one of the very first drafts of your code will save you time and trouble.

Forest method

peak()

my $peak = $asf->peak();

Returns the glade ID of the peak. This may be zero. All failures are thrown as exceptions.

Glade methods

glade_literal()

my $literal = $asf->glade_literal($glade);

Returns the literal substring of the input associated with the glade. Every glade is associated with a span -- a start location in the input, and a length. On failure, throws an exception.

The literal is determined by the range. This works as expected if your application reads the input characters one-by-one, in order and without gaps except for characters that are normally discarded, such as whitespace. (We will call applications which read in this fashion, monotonic.) Most applications are monotonic, and yours is, unless you've taken special pains to make it otherwise. Computation of literal substrings for non-monotonic applications is addressed in "Literals and G1 spans" in Marpa::R3::Scanless::R.

glade_span()

my ( $glade_start, $glade_length ) = $asf->glade_span($glade_id);

Returns the span of the input associated with the glade. Every glade is associated with a span -- a start location in the input, and a length. On failure, throws an exception.

The span will be as expected if your application reads the input characters one-by-one in order. (We will call applications which read in this fashion, monotonic.) Most applications are monotonic, and yours is, unless you've taken special pains to make it otherwise. Computation of literal substrings for non-monotonic applications is addressed in "Literals and G1 spans" in Marpa::R3::Scanless::R.

glade_symch_count()

my $symch_count = $asf->glade_symch_count($glade);

Requires a glade ID as its only argument. Returns the number of symches contained in the glade specified by the argument. On failure, throws an exception.

glade_symbol_id()

my $symbol_id    = $asf->glade_symbol_id($glade);
my $display_form = $grammar->symbol_display_form($symbol_id);

Requires a glade ID as its only argument. Returns the symbol ID of the "glade symbol" for the glade specified by the argument. On failure, throws an exception.

Symch methods

symch_rule_id()

my $rule_id = $asf->symch_rule_id( $glade, $symch_ix );

Requires two arguments: a glade ID and a zero-based symch index. These specify a symch. If the symch specified is a rule symch, returns the rule ID. If it is a token symch, returns -1.

Returns a Perl undef, if the glade exists, but the symch index is too high. On other failure, throws an exception.

symch_is_truncated()

[ To be written. ]

symch_factoring_count()

my $factoring_count =
    $asf->symch_factoring_count( $glade, $symch_ix );

Requires two arguments: a glade ID and a zero-based symch index. These specify a symch. Returns the count of factorings if the specified symch is a rule symch. This count will always be one or greater. Returns zero if the specified symch is a token symch.

Returns a Perl undef, if the glade exists, but the symch index is too high. On other failure, throws an exception.

Factoring methods

factoring_downglades()

my $downglades =
    $asf->factoring_downglades( $glade, $symch_ix,
    $factor_ix );

Requires three arguments: a glade ID, the zero-based index of a symch and the zero-based index of a factoring. These specify a factoring. On success, returns a reference to an array. The array contains the glade IDs of the downglades in the factoring specified.

Returns a Perl undef, if the glade and symch exist, but the factoring index is too high. On other failure, throws an exception. In particular, exceptions are thrown if the symch is for a token; and if the glade exists, but the symch index is too high.

Methods for reporting ambiguity

if ( $recce->ambiguity_metric() > 1 ) {
    my $asf = Marpa::R3::ASF->new( { slr => $recce } );
    die 'No ASF' if not defined $asf;
    my $ambiguities = Marpa::R3::Internal::ASF::ambiguities($asf);

    # Only report the first two
    my @ambiguities = grep {defined} @{$ambiguities}[ 0 .. 1 ];

    $actual_value = 'Application grammar is ambiguous';
    $actual_result =
        Marpa::R3::Internal::ASF::ambiguities_show( $asf, \@ambiguities );
    last PROCESSING;
} ## end if ( $recce->ambiguity_metric() > 1 )

ambiguities()

my $ambiguities = Marpa::R3::Internal::ASF::ambiguities($asf);

Returns a reference to an array of ambiguity reports in the ASF. The first and only argument must be an ASF object. The array returned will be be zero length if the parse was not ambiguous. Ambiguity reports are as described below.

While the ambiguities() method can be called to determine whether or not ambiguities exist, it is the more expensive way to do it. The $slr->ambiguity_metric() method tests an already-existing boolean and is therefore extremely fast. If you are simply testing for ambiguity, use the ambiguity_metric() method instead. If you can save time when you know that a parse is unambiguous, you may want to test for ambiguity with the ambiguity_metric() method before calling the ambiguities() method.

ambiguities_show()

$actual_result =
  Marpa::R3::Internal::ASF::ambiguities_show( $asf, \@ambiguities );

Returns a string which contains a description of the ambiguities in its arguments. Takes two arguments, both required. The first is an ASF, and the second is a reference to an array of ambiguities, in the format returned by the ambiguities() method.

Major applications will often have their own customized ambiguity formatting routine, one which can formulate error messages based, not just on the names of the rules and symbols, but on knowledge of the role that the rules and symbols play in the application. This method is intended for applications which do not have their own customized ambiguity handling. For those which do, it can be used as a fallback for handling those reports that the customized method does not recognize or that do not need special handling. The format of the returned string and is subject to change, and is intended for reading by humans only.

Ambiguity reports

The ambiguity reports returned by the ambiguities() method are of two kinds: symch reports and factoring reports. Only ambiguities uppermost on a path are reported -- in other words, an ambiguity is not reported if it is downhill and does not have a higher altitude. (Because of cycles, it is possible for a downhill glade to be at a higher altitude.) Within glade, all of the factorings are considered downhill from, and of equal altitude to the symches, so that if a glade has a symch ambiguity, there will be no factoring ambiguity reports for that glade.

Typically, when there is more than one kind of ambiguity in an input span, only one is of real interest, and symch ambiguities are usually of more interest than factorings. And if one ambiguity is uphill from another, the downhill ambiguity is usually a side effect of the uphill one and of little interest.

Symch reports

A symch report is issued whenever, in a top-down traversal of the ASF, a glade is encountered which has more than one symch. A symch report takes the form

[ 'symch', $glade ]

where $glade is the ID of the glade with the symch ambiguity. With this and the accessor methods in this document, an application can report full details of the symch ambiguity.

Factoring reports

A factoring report identifies a sequence of RHS symbols which has more than one factoring. Factoring reports identify not just a rule, but specific subsequences within the RHS which are multiply factored -- multifactored stretches. Marpa goes down to the symbol level, because a Marpa RHS can be very long. Marpa's sequence rules, especially, can have long stretches where the symbols are in sync with each other, broken by other stretches where they are out of sync. (A detailed definition of multifactored stretches is below.)

A factoring report takes the form

[ 'factoring', $glade, $symch_ix, $rhs_ix1, $factor_ix2, $rhs_ix2 ];

where $glade is the ID of the glade with the factoring ambiguity, and $symch_ix is the index of the symch involved. The multifactored stretch is described by two "identifying downglades". Both downglades are at the beginning of the stretch, and both will have the same input start location. The identifying downglades will differ in length.

The first of the two identifying factors has a factoring index of 0, and its downglade index is $rhs_ix1. The second identifying factor has a factoring index of $factor_ix2, and its downglade index is $rhs_ix2.

The identifying downglades will usually be enough for error reporting, which is the usual application of these reports. A multifactored stretch can be extremely large. Full details of it can be found by following up on the information in the factoring report using the accessor methods described in this document.

The code for the synopsis

The asf_to_basic_tree() code

sub asf_to_basic_tree {
    my ( $asf, $glade ) = @_;
    my $peak = $asf->peak();
    return glade_to_basic_tree( $asf, $peak, [] );
} ## end sub asf_to_basic_tree

sub glade_to_basic_tree {
    my ( $asf, $glade, $seen ) = @_;
    return bless ["Glade $glade revisited"], 'My_Revisit'
        if $seen->[$glade];
    $seen->[$glade] = 1;
    my $grammar     = $asf->grammar();
    my @symches     = ();
    my $symch_count = $asf->glade_symch_count($glade);
    SYMCH: for ( my $symch_ix = 0; $symch_ix < $symch_count; $symch_ix++ ) {
        my $rule_id = $asf->symch_rule_id( $glade, $symch_ix );
        if ( $rule_id < 0 ) {
            my $literal      = $asf->glade_literal($glade);
            my $symbol_id    = $asf->glade_symbol_id($glade);
            my $display_form = $grammar->symbol_display_form($symbol_id);
            push @symches,
                bless [qq{Glade $glade, Symbol $display_form: "$literal"}],
                'My_Token';
            next SYMCH;
        } ## end if ( $rule_id < 0 )

        # ignore any truncation of the factorings
        my $factoring_count =
            $asf->symch_factoring_count( $glade, $symch_ix );
        my @symch_description = ("Glade $glade");
        push @symch_description, "Symch $symch_ix" if $symch_count > 1;
        push @symch_description, $grammar->rule_show($rule_id);
        my $symch_description = join q{, }, @symch_description;

        my @factorings = ($symch_description);
        for (
            my $factor_ix = 0;
            $factor_ix < $factoring_count;
            $factor_ix++
            )
        {
            my $downglades =
                $asf->factoring_downglades( $glade, $symch_ix,
                $factor_ix );
            push @factorings,
                bless [ map { glade_to_basic_tree( $asf, $_, $seen ) }
                    @{$downglades} ], 'My_Rule';
        } ## end for ( my $factor_ix = 0; $factor_ix < $factoring_count...)
        if ( $factoring_count > 1 ) {
            push @symches,
                bless [
                "Glade $glade, symch $symch_ix has $factoring_count factorings",
                @factorings
                ],
                'My_Factorings';
            next SYMCH;
        } ## end if ( $factoring_count > 1 )
        push @symches, bless [ @factorings[ 0, 1 ] ], 'My_Factorings';
    } ## end SYMCH: for ( my $symch_ix = 0; $symch_ix < $symch_count; ...)
    return bless [ "Glade $glade has $symch_count symches", @symches ],
        'My_Symches'
        if $symch_count > 1;
    return $symches[0];
} ## end sub glade_to_basic_tree

The array_display() code

Because of the blessings in this example, a standard dump of the output array is too cluttered for comfortable reading. The following code displays the output from asf_to_basic_tree() in a more compact form. Note that this code makes no use of Marpa, and works for all Perl arrays. It is included for completeness, and as a simple example of array traversal.

sub array_display {
    my ($array) = @_;
    my ( undef, @lines ) = @{ array_lines_display($array) };
    my $text = q{};
    for my $line (@lines) {
        my ( $indent, $body ) = @{$line};
        $indent -= 6;
        $text .= ( q{ } x $indent ) . $body . "\n";
    }
    return $text;
} ## end sub array_display

sub array_lines_display {
    my ($array) = @_;
    my $reftype = Scalar::Util::reftype($array) // '!undef!';
    return [ [ 0, $array ] ] if $reftype ne 'ARRAY';
    my @lines = ();
    ELEMENT: for my $element ( @{$array} ) {
        for my $line ( @{ array_lines_display($element) } ) {
            my ( $indent, $body ) = @{$line};
            push @lines, [ $indent + 2, $body ];
        }
    } ## end ELEMENT: for my $element ( @{$array} )
    return \@lines;
} ## end sub array_lines_display

Details

This section contains details not essential to understanding the main topic of this document. These details include restatements of what is said above in more formal terms, and formal statements of concepts that have been left to the intuition. Some readers find these details helpful, while others find them distracting. Segregating these details here serves the needs of both.

An alternative way of defining glade terminology

Here's a way of defining some of the above terms which is less intuitive, but more precise. First, define the glade length from glades A to glade B in an ASF as the number of glades on the shortest path from A to B, not including glade A. (Recall that paths are directional.) If there is no path between glades A and B, the glade length is undefined. Glade B is a downglade of glade A, and glade A is an upglade of glade B, if and only if the glade length from A to B is 1.

A glade A is uphill with respect to glade B, and a glade B is downhill with respect to glade A, if and only if the glade length from A to B is defined.

A peak of an ASF is a node without upglades. By construction of the ASF, there is only one peak. The distance-to-peak of a glade A is the glade length from the peak to glade A. Glade A is said to have a higher altitude than glade B if the distance-to-peak of glade A is less than that of glade B. Glade A has a lower altitude than glade B if the distance-to-peak of glade A is greater than that of glade B. Glade A has the same altitude as glade B if the distance-to-peak of glade A is equal to that of glade B.

Cycles

In the current SLIF implementation, a forest is a directed acyclic graph (DAG). (In the mathematical literature a DAG is also called a "tree", but that use is confusing in the present context.) The underlying Marpa algorithm allows parse trees with cycles, and someday the SLIF probably will as well. When that happens, ASF's will no longer be "acyclic" and therefore will be directed graphs (DG's) but not DAG's. This document talks about ASF's as if that day had already come -- it assumes that the ASF's might contain cycles.

In an ASF that contains one or more cycles, the concepts of uphill and downhill become much less useful for describing the relative positions of glades. For example, if glade A cycles back to itself through glade B, then

Glade A will be uphill from glade B, and
Glade B will be uphill from glade A; so that
Glade B will be downhill from glade A, and
Glade A will be downhill from glade B; and
Glade A will be both downhill and uphill from itself; and
Glade B will be both downhill and uphill from itself.

ASF's will always be constructed so that the peak has no upglades. Because of this, the peak can never be part of a cycle. This means that altitude will always be well defined in the sense that, for any two glades A and B, one and only one of the following statements will be true:

Glade A is lower in altitude than glade B.
Glade A is higher in altitude than glade B.
Glade A is equal in altitude to glade b.

Token symches

In the current SLIF implementation, a symbol is always either a token or the LHS of a rule. This means that any glade that contains a token symch cannot contain any rule symches. It also means that any glade that contains a rule symch will not contain a token symch.

However, the underlying Marpa algorithm allows LHS terminals, and someday the SLIF probably will as well. This document is written as if that day has already come, and describes glades as if they could contain both rule symches and a token symch.

Maximum symches per glade

Above, the point is made that the number of symches in a glade, even in the worst case, is a very manageable number. For a particular case, it is not hard to work out the exact maximum. Here are the details.

There can be at most one token symch. There can be only rule symch for every rule. In addition, all rules in a glade must have the glade symbol as their LHS. Let the number of rules with the glade symbol on their LHS be r. The maximum number of symches in a glade is r+1.

Multifactored stretches

Marpa locates factoring ambiguities, not just by rule, but by subsequences of symbols within a RHS. It finds multifactored stretches, input spans where the sequence of symbols can have multiple factorings. Sequence rules can have a very long RHS. If ambiguity reporting is to be precise, it is necessary to narrow down factoring ambiguities to the specific input spans where they occur.

Marpa tries to break up each ambiguously factored RHS into as many multifactored stretches as possible. Nonetheless, there will be cases in which a multifactored stretch encompasses the entire RHS of a rule.

The main body of this document worked with an intuitive "know one when I see one" idea of multifactored stretches. In this section we will give an exact definition. First, we will need some preliminary definitions.

Consider the case of a arbitrary, ambiguous rule symch. The ambiguous rule symch can be seen as a set of factorings. We need a way to identify individual downglades within each factoring of the set. Within a factoring, there is a one-to-one correspondence between downglade and locations in the string of symbols that is the RHS. Therefore downglades can be identified uniquely as glade_id, symch_ix, factor_ix, rhs_ix, where glade_id is a unique identifier of the glade, symch_ix is a zero-based symch index, factor_ix is a zero-based factoring index, and rhs_ix is a zero-based index identifying a symbol location in the RHS string.

In much of what follows, we will assume we are talking about a specific glade and rule symch, which is understood in context, so that we can take factor_ix, rhs_ix as uniquely identifying a downglade. We will call factor_ix, rhs_ix a downglade duple.

Let N be the number of factorings in the rule symch of interest. Since we are dealing with a specific rule symch, we also have a specific rule that is of interest. Call the length of the RHS of that rule, rhs_length. For every factor_ix, the values of rhs_ix will be in the range 0 ... rhs_length-1.

Each downglade factor_ix, rhs_ix corresponds one-to-one to a G1 span. This means that there is a total function G1_start(factor_ix, rhs_ix) from a downglade to a G1 start location; and that there is a total function G1_length(factor_ix, rhs_ix) from a downglade to a G1 length.

A symch location set is a set of N downglade duples such there is exactly one element factor_ix, rhs_ix in the set for each 0 <= factor_ix < N. In other words, a symch location set is a total function from the factor indexes to the RHS indexes.

A symch alignment is a symch location set whose elements shares a common G1 start location. A symch alignment is synced if its elements share a common G1 length as well. A symch alignment is unsynced if it is not synced.

More formally, if we represent the symch location set function as SLS, SLS is a symch alignment if and only if there is some constant G1 location pos such that, for all factor_ix such that 0 <= factor_ix < N, G1_start(factor_ix, SLS(factor_ix)) = pos. We say the pos is the location of the symch alignment. SLS is a synced symch alignment if and only if it is a symch aligment and there is some constant number L such G1_length(factor_ix, SLS(factor_ix)) = L.

Of special interest is the initial symch location set. The initial symch location set is the symch position all of whose RHS indexes are 0. Equivalently, it is the constant function ISLS where ISLS(factor_ix)=0 for all factor_ix such that 0 <= factor_ix < N. The initial symch location set is always a symch alignment, and is called the initial symch alignment.

We are now in a position to define a multifactored stretch for a specific rule symch. Call a G1 location an anchor if it is the location of a synced symch alignment or, as a special case, if it is one past the last location of the G1 stream. We say that a G1 span is anchored if its start and end G1 locations are anchors. A multifactored stretch is an anchored G1 span which contains only one anchored G1 location. (Recall that, by the definition of a span, the end location of a span is not contained in the span.)

As a consequence of its definition, the start location of a multifactored stretch will always be an anchor, and the only anchored location in the multifactored stretch will be its start location. (Again, by definition, the end location of the stretch is not contained in the stretch.)

Multifactored stretches are aligned and anchored in terms of G1 locations, and not in terms of input stream locations or RHS indexes. It may be useful, however, to look at syncing and alignment from other points of view. This is done in the next two sections.

Alignment and input stream locations

Because G1 spans map to input stream spans, symch location sets that are aligned or synced in G1 terms will be aligned or synced from the input stream point of view as well. But, if the input is not monotonic, the opposite is not necessarily the case. Because several G1 locations can share an input stream location, symch location sets that seem aligned or synced from the input stream point of view may not be considered aligned or synced from the G1 location point.

Alignment and RHS indexes

Symch location sets that are aligned from the G1 location point will typically not be aligned from the point of the RHS indexes. Non-aligned RHS indexes are particularly likely for long sequence rules, where the RHS is a long string containing many repetitions of a single symbol.

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Marpa::R3 is Copyright (C) 2016, Jeffrey Kegler.

This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl 5.10.1. For more details, see the full text
of the licenses in the directory LICENSES.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied
warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

To install Marpa::R3, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

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perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Marpa::R3

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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Name

Synopsis

About this document

Ambiguity: factoring versus symches

An example of a symch

An example of a factoring

The structure of a forest

The glade hierarchy

Glades

Symches

Token symches

Rule symches

Factorings

Downglades

The glade ID

Techniques for traversing ASF's

Memoization

Forest method

peak()

Glade methods

glade_literal()

glade_span()

glade_symch_count()

glade_symbol_id()

Symch methods

symch_rule_id()

symch_is_truncated()

symch_factoring_count()

Factoring methods

factoring_downglades()

Methods for reporting ambiguity

ambiguities()

ambiguities_show()

Ambiguity reports

Symch reports

Factoring reports

The code for the synopsis

The asf_to_basic_tree() code

The array_display() code

Details

An alternative way of defining glade terminology

Cycles

Token symches

Maximum symches per glade

Multifactored stretches

Alignment and input stream locations

Alignment and RHS indexes

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Module Install Instructions