/ 
CHI-0.36
River stage three • 97 direct dependents • 203 total dependents
/ CHI

NAME

CHI -- Unified cache handling interface

SYNOPSIS

use CHI;

# Choose a standard driver
#
my $cache = CHI->new( driver => 'Memory', global => 1 );
my $cache = CHI->new( driver => 'File',
    root_dir => '/path/to/root'
);
my $cache = CHI->new( driver => 'FastMmap',
    root_dir   => '/path/to/root',
    cache_size => '1k'
);
my $cache = CHI->new( driver  => 'Memcached',
    servers => [ "10.0.0.15:11211", "10.0.0.15:11212" ],
    l1_cache => { driver => 'FastMmap', root_dir => '/path/to/root' }
);
my $cache = CHI->new( driver => 'DBI',
    dbh => $dbh
);
my $cache = CHI->new( driver => 'BerkeleyDB',
    root_dir => '/path/to/root'
);

# Create your own driver
# 
my $cache = CHI->new( driver_class => 'My::Special::Driver' );

# Basic cache operations
#
my $customer = $cache->get($name);
if ( !defined $customer ) {
    $customer = get_customer_from_db($name);
    $cache->set( $name, $customer, "10 minutes" );
}
$cache->remove($name);

DESCRIPTION

CHI provides a unified caching API, designed to assist a developer in persisting data for a specified period of time.

The CHI interface is implemented by driver classes that support fetching, storing and clearing of data. Driver classes exist or will exist for the gamut of storage backends available to Perl, such as memory, plain files, memory mapped files, memcached, and DBI.

CHI is intended as an evolution of DeWitt Clinton's Cache::Cache package, adhering to the basic Cache API but adding new features and addressing limitations in the Cache::Cache implementation.

FEATURES

  • Easy to create new drivers

  • Uniform support for namespaces

  • Automatic serialization of keys and values

  • Multilevel caches

  • Probabilistic expiration and busy locks, to reduce cache miss stampedes

  • Optional logging and statistics collection of cache activity

CONSTRUCTOR

To create a new cache handle, call CHI->new. It takes the following common options. All are optional, except that either driver or driver_class must be passed.

driver [STRING]

The name of a standard driver to drive the cache, for example "Memory" or "File". CHI will prefix the string with "CHI::Driver::".

driver_class [STRING]

The exact CHI::Driver subclass to drive the cache, for example "My::Memory::Driver".

expires_in [DURATION]
expires_at [INT]
expires_variance [FLOAT]

Provide default values for the corresponding "set" options.

key_digester [STRING|HASHREF|OBJECT]

Digest algorithm to use on keys longer than "max_key_length" - e.g. "MD5", "SHA-1", or "SHA-256".

Can be a Digest object, or a string or hashref which will passed to Digest->new(). You will need to ensure Digest is installed to use these options.

Default is "MD5".

label [STRING]

A label for the cache as a whole, independent of namespace - e.g. "web-file-cache". Used when referring to the cache in logs, statistics, and error messages. By default, set to "short_driver_name".

l1_cache [HASHREF]

Add an L1 cache as a subcache. See "SUBCACHES".

max_key_length [INT]

Keys over this size will be digested. The default is driver-specific; CHI::Driver::File, for example, defaults this to 240 due to file system limits. For most drivers there is no maximum.

mirror_cache [HASHREF]

Add an mirror cache as a subcache. See "SUBCACHES".

namespace [STRING]

Identifies a namespace that all cache entries for this object will be in. This allows easy separation of multiple, distinct caches without worrying about key collision.

Suggestions for easy namespace selection:

  • In a class, use the class name:

    my $cache = CHI->new(namespace => __PACKAGE__, ...);

  • In a script, use the script's absolute path name:

    use Cwd qw(realpath);
my $cache = CHI->new(namespace => realpath($0), ...);

  • In a web template, use the template name. For example, in Mason, $m->cache will set the namespace to the current component path.

Defaults to 'Default' if not specified.

serializer [STRING|HASHREF|OBJECT]

An object to use for serializing data before storing it in the cache, and deserializing data after retrieving it from the cache.

If this is a string, a Data::Serializer object will be created, with the string passed as the 'serializer' option and raw=1. Common options include 'Storable', 'Data::Dumper', and 'YAML'. If this is a hashref, Data::Serializer will be called with the hash. You will need to ensure Data::Serializer is installed to use these options.

Otherwise, this must be a Data::Serializer object or another object that implements serialize() and deserialize().

e.g.

# Serialize using raw Data::Dumper
my $cache = CHI->new(serializer => 'Data::Dumper');

# Serialize using Data::Dumper, compressed and (per Data::Serializer defaults) hex-encoded
my $cache = CHI->new(serializer => { serializer => 'Data::Dumper', compress => 1 });

# Serialize using custom object
my $cache = CHI->new(serializer => My::Custom::Serializer->new())

The default is to use raw Storable.

key_serializer [STRING|HASHREF|OBJECT]

An object to use for serializing keys that are references. See "serializer" above for the different ways this can be passed in. The default is to use JSON in canonical mode (sorted hash keys).

on_get_error [STRING|CODEREF]
on_set_error [STRING|CODEREF]

How to handle runtime errors occurring during cache gets and cache sets, which may or may not be considered fatal in your application. Options are:

  • log (the default) - log an error, or ignore if no logger is set - see "LOGGING"

  • ignore - do nothing

  • warn - call warn() with an appropriate message

  • die - call die() with an appropriate message

  • coderef - call this code reference with three arguments: an appropriate message, the key, and the original raw error message

Some drivers will take additional constructor options. For example, the File driver takes root_dir and depth options.

INSTANCE METHODS

The following methods can be called on any cache handle returned from CHI->new(). They are implemented in the CHI::Driver package.

Getting and setting

get( $key, [option => value, ...] )

Returns the data associated with $key. If $key does not exist or has expired, returns undef. Expired items are not automatically removed and may be examined with "get_object" or "get_expires_at".

$key may be followed by one or more name/value parameters:

expire_if [CODEREF]

If $key exists and has not expired, call code reference with the CHI::CacheObject as a single parameter. If code returns a true value, get returns undef as if the item were expired. For example, to treat the cache as expired if $file has changed since the value was computed:

$cache->get('foo', expire_if => sub { $_[0]->created_at < (stat($file))[9] });
busy_lock [DURATION]

If the value has expired, set its expiration time to the current time plus the specified duration before returning undef. This is used to prevent multiple processes from recomputing the same expensive value simultaneously. The problem with this technique is that it doubles the number of writes performed - see "expires_variance" for another technique.

set( $key, $data, [$expires_in | "now" | "never" | options] )

Associates $data with $key in the cache, overwriting any existing entry. Returns $data.

The third argument to set is optional, and may be either a scalar or a hash reference. If it is a scalar, it may be the string "now", the string "never", or else a duration treated as an expires_in value described below. If it is a hash reference, it may contain one or more of the following options. Most of these options can be provided with defaults in the cache constructor.

expires_in [DURATION]

Amount of time (in seconds) until this data expires.

expires_at [INT]

The epoch time at which the data expires.

expires_variance [FLOAT]

Controls the variable expiration feature, which allows items to expire a little earlier than the stated expiration time to help prevent cache miss stampedes.

Value is between 0.0 and 1.0, with 0.0 meaning that items expire exactly when specified (feature is disabled), and 1.0 meaning that items might expire anytime from now til the stated expiration time. The default is 0.0. A setting of 0.10 to 0.25 would introduce a small amount of variation without interfering too much with intended expiration times.

The probability of expiration increases as a function of how far along we are in the potential expiration window, with the probability being near 0 at the beginning of the window and approaching 1 at the end.

For example, in all of the following cases, an item might be considered expired any time between 15 and 20 minutes, with about a 20% chance at 16 minutes, a 40% chance at 17 minutes, and a 100% chance at 20 minutes.

my $cache = CHI->new ( ..., expires_variance => 0.25, ... );
$cache->set($key, $value, '20 min');
$cache->set($key, $value, { expires_at => time() + 20*60 });

my $cache = CHI->new ( ... );
$cache->set($key, $value, { expires_in => '20 min', expires_variance => 0.25 });

CHI will make a new probabilistic choice every time it needs to know whether an item has expired (i.e. it does not save the results of its determination), so you can get situations like this:

my $value = $cache->get($key);     # returns undef (indicating expired)
my $value = $cache->get($key);     # returns valid value this time!

if ($cache->is_valid($key))        # returns undef (indicating expired)
if ($cache->is_valid($key))        # returns true this time!

Typical applications won't be affected by this, since the object is recomputed as soon as it is determined to be expired. But it's something to be aware of.

compute( $key, $code, $set_options )

Combines the get and set operations in a single call. Attempts to get $key; if successful, returns the value. Otherwise, calls $code and uses the return value as the new value for $key, which is then returned. $set_options is a scalar or hash reference, used as the third argument to set.

This method will eventually support the ability to recompute a value in the background just before it actually expires, so that users are not impacted by recompute time.

Removing and expiring

remove( $key )

Remove the data associated with the $key from the cache.

expire( $key )

If $key exists, expire it by setting its expiration time into the past. Does not necessarily remove the data. Since this involves essentially setting the value again, remove may be more efficient for some drivers.

Inspecting keys

is_valid( $key )

Returns a boolean indicating whether $key exists in the cache and has not expired. Note: Expiration may be determined probabilistically if "expires_variance" was used.

exists_and_is_expired( $key )

Returns a boolean indicating whether $key exists in the cache and has expired. Note: Expiration may be determined probabilistically if "expires_variance" was used.

get_expires_at( $key )

Returns the epoch time at which $key definitively expires. Returns undef if the key does not exist or it has no expiration time.

get_object( $key )

Returns a CHI::CacheObject object containing data about the entry associated with $key, or undef if no such key exists. The object will be returned even if the entry has expired, as long as it has not been removed.

Namespace operations

clear( )

Remove all entries from the namespace.

get_keys( )

Returns a list of keys in the namespace. This may or may not include expired keys, depending on the driver.

The keys may not look the same as they did when passed into "set"; they may have been serialized, utf8 encoded, and/or digested (see "KEY AND VALUE TRANSFORMATIONS"). However, they may still be passed back into "get", "set", etc. to access the same underlying objects. i.e. the following code is guaranteed to produce all key/value pairs from the cache:

map { ($_, $c->get($_)) } $c->get_keys()
purge( )

Remove all entries that have expired from the namespace associated with this cache instance. Warning: May be very inefficient, depending on the number of keys and the driver.

get_namespaces( )

Returns a list of namespaces associated with the cache. This may or may not include empty namespaces, depending on the driver.

Multiple key/value operations

The methods in this section process multiple keys and/or values at once. By default these are implemented with the obvious map operations, but some cache drivers (e.g. Cache::Memcached) can override them with more efficient implementations.

get_multi_arrayref( $keys )

Get the keys in list reference $keys, and return a list reference of the same length with corresponding values or undefs.

get_multi_hashref( $keys )

Like "get_multi_arrayref", but returns a hash reference with each key in $keys mapping to its corresponding value or undef. Will only work with scalar keys.

set_multi( $key_values, $set_options )

Set the multiple keys and values provided in hash reference $key_values. $set_options is a scalar or hash reference, used as the third argument to set. Will only work with scalar keys.

remove_multi( $keys )

Removes the keys in list reference $keys.

dump_as_hash( )

Returns a hash reference containing all the non-expired keys and values in the cache.

Property accessors

driver_class( )

Returns the full name of the driver class. e.g.

CHI->new(driver=>'File')->driver_class
   => CHI::Driver::File
CHI->new(driver_class=>'CHI::Driver::File')->driver_class
   => CHI::Driver::File
CHI->new(driver_class=>'My::Driver::File')->driver_class
   => My::Driver::File

You should use this rather than ref(). Due to some subclassing tricks CHI employs, the actual class of the object is neither guaranteed nor likely to be the driver class.

short_driver_name( )

Returns the name of the driver class, minus the CHI::Driver:: prefix, if any. e.g.

CHI->new(driver=>'File')->short_driver_name
   => File
CHI->new(driver_class=>'CHI::Driver::File')->short_driver_name
   => File
CHI->new(driver_class=>'My::Driver::File')->short_driver_name
   => My::Driver::File
Standard read-write accessors
expires_in
expires_at
expires_variance
label
on_get_error
on_set_error
Standard read-only accessors
namespace
serializer

Deprecated methods

The following methods are deprecated and will be removed in a later version:

is_empty

DURATION EXPRESSIONS

Duration expressions, which appear in the "set" command and various other parts of the API, are parsed by Time::Duration::Parse. A duration is either a plain number, which is treated like a number of seconds, or a number and a string representing time units where the string is one of:

s second seconds sec secs
m minute minutes min mins
h hr hour hours
d day days
w week weeks
M month months
y year years

e.g. the following are all valid duration expressions:

25
3s
5 seconds
1 minute and ten seconds
1 hour

KEY AND VALUE TRANSFORMATIONS

CHI strives to accept arbitrary keys and values for caching regardless of the limitations of the underlying driver.

Key transformations

  • Keys that are references are serialized - see "key_serializer".

  • Keys with wide (>255) characters are utf8 encoded.

  • Keys exceeding the maximum length for the underlying driver are digested - see "max_key_length" and "key_digester".

  • For some drivers (e.g. CHI::Driver::File), keys containing special characters or whitespace are escaped with URL-like escaping.

Note: All transformations above with the exception of escaping are one-way, meaning that CHI does not attempt to undo them when returned from "get_keys"; and idempotent, meaning that applying them a second time has no effect. So when you call "get_keys", the key you get may not be exactly what you passed in, but you'll be able to pass that key in to get the corresponding object.

Value transformations

  • Values which are references are automatically serialized before storing, and deserialized after retrieving - see "serializer".

  • Values with their utf8 flag on are utf8 encoded before storing, and utf8 decoded after retrieving.

SUBCACHES

It is possible to a cache to have one or more subcaches. There are currently two types of subcaches: L1 and mirror.

L1 cache

An L1 (or "level one") cache sits in front of the primary cache, usually to provide faster access for commonly accessed cache entries. For example, this places an in-process Memory cache in front of a Memcached cache:

my $cache = CHI->new(
    driver   => 'Memcached',
    servers  => [ "10.0.0.15:11211", "10.0.0.15:11212" ],
    l1_cache => { driver => 'Memory' }
);

On a get, the L1 cache is checked first - if a valid value exists, it is returned. Otherwise, the primary cache is checked - if a valid value exists, it is returned, and the value is placed in the L1 cache with the same expiration time. In this way, items fetched most frequently from the primary cache will tend to be in the L1 cache.

set operations are distributed to both the primary and L1 cache.

You can access the L1 cache with the l1_cache method. For example, this clears the L1 cache but leaves the primary cache intact:

$cache->l1_cache->clear();

Mirror cache

A mirror cache is a write-only cache that, over time, mirrors the content of the primary cache. set operations are distributed to both the primary and mirror cache, but get operations go only to the primary cache.

Mirror caches are useful when you want to migrate from one cache to another. You can populate a mirror cache and switch over to it once it is sufficiently populated. For example, here we migrate from an old to a new cache directory:

my $cache = CHI->new(
    driver          => 'File',
    root_dir        => '/old/cache/root',
    mirror_cache => { driver => 'File', root_dir => '/new/cache/root' },
);

We leave this running for a few hours (or as needed), then replace it with

my $cache = CHI->new(
    driver   => 'File',
    root_dir => '/new/cache/root'
);

You can access the mirror cache with the mirror_cache method. For example, to see how many keys have made it over to the mirror cache:

my @keys = $cache->mirror_cache->get_keys();

Creating subcaches

As illustrated above, you create subcaches by passing the l1_cache and/or mirror_cache option to the CHI constructor. These options, in turn, should contain a hash of options to create the subcache with.

The cache containing the subcache is called the parent cache.

The following options are automatically inherited by the subcache from the parent cache, and may not be overriden:

expires_at
expires_in
expires_variance
serializer

(Reason: for efficiency, we want to create a single cache object and store it in both caches. The cache object contains expiration information and is dependent on the serializer. At some point we could conceivably add code that will use a single object or separate objects as necessary, and thus allow the above to be overriden.)

The following options are automatically inherited by the subcache from the parent cache, but may be overriden:

namespace
on_get_error
on_set_error

All other options are initialized in the subcache as normal, irrespective of their values in the parent.

It is not currently possible to pass an existing cache in as a subcache.

Common subcache behaviors

These behaviors hold regardless of the type of subcache.

The following methods are distributed to both the primary cache and subcache:

clear
expire
purge
remove

The following methods return information solely from the primary cache. However, you are free to call them explicitly on the subcache. (Trying to merge in subcache information automatically would require too much guessing about the caller's intent.)

get_keys
get_namespaces
get_object
get_expires_at
exists_and_is_expired
is_valid
dump_as_hash

Multiple subcaches

It is valid for a cache to have one of each kind of subcache, e.g. an L1 cache and a mirror cache.

A cache cannot have more than one of each kind of subcache, but a subcache can have its own subcaches, and so on. e.g.

my $cache = CHI->new(
    driver   => 'Memcached',
    servers  => [ "10.0.0.15:11211", "10.0.0.15:11212" ],
    l1_cache => {
        driver     => 'File',
        root_dir   => '/path/to/root',
        l1_cache   => { driver => 'Memory' }
    }
);

Methods for parent caches

has_subcaches( )

Returns a boolean indicating whether this cache has subcaches.

l1_cache( )

Returns the L1 cache for this cache, if any. Can only be called if has_subcaches is true.

mirror_cache( )

Returns the mirror cache for this cache, if any. Can only be called if has_subcaches is true.

subcaches( )

Returns the subcaches for this cache, in arbitrary order. Can only be called if has_subcaches is true.

Methods for subcaches

is_subcache( )

Returns a boolean indicating whether this is a subcache.

subcache_type( )

Returns the type of subcache as a string, e.g. 'l1_cache' or 'mirror_cache'. Can only be called if is_subcache is true.

parent_cache( )

Returns the parent cache (weakened to prevent circular reference). Can only be called if is_subcache is true.

Developing new kinds of subcaches

At this time, subcache behavior is hardcoded into CHI::Driver, so there is no easy way to modify the behavior of existing subcache types or create new ones. We'd like to make this more flexible eventually.

SIZE AWARENESS

If "is_size_aware" or "max_size" are passed to the constructor, the cache will be size aware - that is, it will keep track of its own size (in bytes) as items are added and removed. You can get a cache's size with "get_size".

Size aware caches generally keep track of their size in a separate meta-key, and have to do an extra store whenever the size changes (e.g. on each set and remove).

Maximum size and discard policies

If a cache's size rises above its "max_size", items are discarded until the cache size is sufficiently below the max size. (See "max_size_reduction_factor" for how to fine-tune this.)

The order in which items are discarded is controlled with "discard_policy". The default discard policy is 'arbitrary', which discards items in an arbitrary order. The available policies and default policy can differ with each driver, e.g. the CHI::Driver::Memory driver provides and defaults to an 'LRU' policy.

Appropriate drivers

Size awareness was chiefly designed for, and works well with, the CHI::Driver::Memory driver: one often needs to enforce a maximum size on a memory cache, and the overhead of tracking size in memory is negligible. However, the capability may be useful with other drivers.

Some drivers - for example, CHI::Driver::FastMmap and CHI::Driver::Memcached - inherently keep track of their size and enforce a maximum size, and it makes no sense to turn on CHI's size awareness for these.

Also, for drivers that cannot atomically read and update a value - for example, CHI::Driver::File - there is a race condition in the updating of size that can cause the size to grow inaccurate over time.

AVAILABILITY OF DRIVERS

The following drivers are currently available as part of this distribution:

The following drivers are currently available as separate CPAN distributions:

This list is likely incomplete. A complete set of drivers can be found on CPAN by searching for "CHI::Driver".

DEVELOPING NEW DRIVERS

See CHI::Driver::Development for information on developing new drivers.

LOGGING

CHI uses Log::Any for logging events. For example, a debug log message is sent for every cache get and set.

See Log::Any documentation for how to control where logs get sent, if anywhere.

STATS

CHI can record statistics, such as number of hits, misses and sets, on a per-namespace basis and log the results to your Log::Any logger. You can then use utilities included with this distribution to read stats back from the logs and report a summary. See CHI::Stats for details.

RELATION TO OTHER MODULES

Cache::Cache

CHI is intended as an evolution of DeWitt Clinton's Cache::Cache package. It starts with the same basic API (which has proven durable over time) but addresses some implementation shortcomings that cannot be fixed in Cache::Cache due to backward compatibility concerns. In particular:

Performance

Some of Cache::Cache's subclasses (e.g. Cache::FileCache) have been justifiably criticized as inefficient. CHI has been designed from the ground up with performance in mind, both in terms of general overhead and in the built-in driver classes. Method calls are kept to a minimum, data is only serialized when necessary, and metadata such as expiration time is stored in packed binary format alongside the data.

As an example, using Rob Mueller's cacheperl benchmarks, CHI's file driver runs 3 to 4 times faster than Cache::FileCache.

Ease of subclassing

New Cache::Cache subclasses can be tedious to create, due to a lack of code refactoring, the use of non-OO package subroutines, and the separation of "cache" and "backend" classes. With CHI, the goal is to make the creation of new drivers as easy as possible, roughly the same as writing a TIE interface to your data store. Concerns like serialization and expiration options are handled by the driver base class so that individual drivers don't have to worry about them.

Increased compatibility with cache implementations

Probably because of the reasons above, Cache::Cache subclasses were never created for some of the most popular caches available on CPAN, e.g. Cache::FastMmap and Cache::Memcached. CHI's goal is to be able to support these and other caches with a minimum performance overhead and minimum of glue code required.

Cache

The Cache distribution is another redesign and implementation of Cache, created by Chris Leishman in 2003. Like CHI, it improves performance and reduces the barrier to implementing new cache drivers. It breaks with the Cache::Cache interface in a few ways that I considered non-negotiable - for example, get/set do not serialize data, and namespaces are an optional feature that drivers may decide not to implement.

Cache::Memcached, Cache::FastMmap, etc.

CPAN sports a variety of full-featured standalone cache modules representing particular backends. CHI does not reinvent these but simply wraps them with an appropriate driver. For example, CHI::Driver::Memcached and CHI::Driver::FastMmap are thin layers around Cache::Memcached and Cache::FastMmap.

Of course, because these modules already work on their own, there will be some overlap. Cache::FastMmap, for example, already has code to serialize data and handle expiration times. Here's how CHI resolves these overlaps.

Serialization

CHI handles its own serialization, passing a flat binary string to the underlying cache backend.

Expiration

CHI packs expiration times (as well as other metadata) inside the binary string passed to the underlying cache backend. The backend is unaware of these values; from its point of view the item has no expiration time. Among other things, this means that you can use CHI to examine expired items (e.g. with $cache->get_object) even if this is not supported natively by the backend.

At some point CHI will provide the option of explicitly notifying the backend of the expiration time as well. This might allow the backend to do better storage management, etc., but would prevent CHI from examining expired items.

Naturally, using CHI's FastMmap or Memcached driver will never be as time or storage efficient as simply using Cache::FastMmap or Cache::Memcached. In terms of performance, we've attempted to make the overhead as small as possible, on the order of 5% per get or set (benchmarks coming soon). In terms of storage size, CHI adds about 16 bytes of metadata overhead to each item. How much this matters obviously depends on the typical size of items in your cache.

SUPPORT AND DOCUMENTATION

Questions and feedback are welcome, and should be directed to the perl-cache mailing list:

http://groups.google.com/group/perl-cache-discuss

Bugs and feature requests will be tracked at RT:

http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=CHI

The latest source code can be browsed and fetched at:

http://github.com/jonswar/perl-chi/tree/master
git clone git://github.com/jonswar/perl-chi.git

TODO

  • Perform cache benchmarks comparing both CHI and non-CHI cache implementations

  • Release BerkeleyDB drivers as separate CPAN distributions

  • Add docs comparing various strategies for reducing miss stampedes and cost of recomputes

  • Add expires_next syntax (e.g. expires_next => 'hour')

  • Support automatic serialization and escaping of keys

  • Create XS versions of main functions in Driver.pm (e.g. get, set)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to Dewitt Clinton for the original Cache::Cache, to Rob Mueller for the Perl cache benchmarks, and to Perrin Harkins for the discussions that got this going.

CHI was originally designed and developed for the Digital Media group of the Hearst Corporation, a diversified media company based in New York City. Many thanks to Hearst management for agreeing to this open source release.

AUTHOR

Jonathan Swartz

SEE ALSO

Cache::Cache, Cache::Memcached, Cache::FastMmap

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2007 Jonathan Swartz.

CHI is provided "as is" and without any express or implied warranties, including, without limitation, the implied warranties of merchantibility and fitness for a particular purpose.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.