/ 
Mason-2.05
River stage two • 16 direct dependents • 16 total dependents
/ Mason::Manual::Syntax

NAME

Mason::Manual::Syntax - Mason component syntax reference

VERSION

version 2.05

DESCRIPTION

A reference for all the syntax that can be used in components.

SUBSTITUTION TAGS

<% expr %>

Blocks of the form <% expr %> are replaced with the result of evaluating expr as a Perl expression in scalar context.

Hello, <% $name %>! The current time is <% scalar(localtime) %>.

Whitespace after '<%' and before '%>' is required. This gives us a little leeway in implementing variations on this tag in the future - it also just looks better.

<% expr | filter,filter... %>

A filter list may appear after a << | >> character in a substitution, containing one or more names separated by commas. The names are as filter methods on the current component class. The filters are applied to the result before it is output.

<% $content | NoBlankLines,Trim %>

See Mason::Manual::Filters for more information on filters.

PERL LINES

%-lines

Lines beginning with a single '%' are treated as Perl. The '%' must be followed by at least one whitespace character.

<ul>
% foreach my $item (@items) {
<li><% $item %></li>
% }
</ul>

% if ($.logged_in) {
<div class="welcome">
   Welcome, <% $.username %>.
</div>
% }
% else {
<a href="/login">Click here to log in</a>
% }

%%-lines

Lines beginning with a double '%%' are treated as Perl and included in the main class body, as if they had been placed in a <%class> section.

%% use Data::Dumper;

%% has 'attr' => ( ... );

%% method multiply ($x, $y) {
%%   return $x * $y;
%% }

Warning: this syntax cannot be used to surround content with conditionals or loops as can %-lines, because Mason will still treat the intervening lines as part of the current method (e.g. 'main').

<% # WRONG!!! The Copyright notice will be part of the current method. %>
%% after 'bottom_nav' => sub {
Copyright 2011 McHuffy Inc.
%% };

UNNAMED BLOCKS

Blocks that do not take a name argument.

<%args>

Contains one or more attribute declarations, one per line. Each line starts with the attribute name, followed optionally by a comma operator (=>) and either a scalar value (which becomes the default) or a list (which becomes the Moose attribute properties). The line may be prefixed with whitespace and followed with a comment; you can also have comments on their own lines. e.g. this block

<%args>
a
b => 'default value'   # a comment
c => (isa => 'Str', default => 'something')
# another comment
</%args>

is equivalent to

<%class>
has 'a' => ();
has 'b' => (default => 'default value');
has 'c' => (isa => 'Str', default => 'something');
</%class>

If the DollarDot plugin is in use, each argument declaration can optionally and harmlessly be prefixed with $.:

<%args>
$.a
$.b => 'default value'
$.c => (isa => 'Str', default => 'something')
</%args>

<%class>

Contains Perl code code that executes once when the component is loaded, in the main body of the class outside of any methods. This is the place to use modules, declare attributes, and do other things on a class level.

<%class>
</%class>

<%doc>

Text in this section is treated as a comment and ignored.

<%doc>
Name: foo.mc
Purpose: ...
</%doc>

<%flags>

Specifies flags that affect the compilation of the component. Each flag is listed one per line in key => value form.

<%flags>
extends => '/foo/bar'
</%flags>

The <%flags> block is extracted in a special first pass through the component, so that it can affect the remainder of the compilation.

The built-in flags are:

extends

Declares the component's superclass (another component). The path may be absolute as shown above, or relative to the component's path. This is the only way to declare the component's superclass; using an extends keyword directly will not work reliably. If not provided, the component's superclass is determined automatically via autobase components.

Plugins may implement additional flags.

<%init>

Contains Perl code that is executed at the beginning of the current method. Equivalent to a <%perl> section at the top of the method.

<%init>
my $article = MyApp::Article->find($.article_id);
my $title = $article->title;
</%init>

<%perl>

Contains Perl code that is executed in place. The return value, if any, is discarded. May appear anywhere in the text and any number of times.

<%perl>
my $article = MyApp::Article->find($.article_id);
my $title = $article->title;
</%perl>

<%shared>

Contains one or more attribute declarations, one per line. Has the same syntax as <%args>, but the resulting attributes are declared with init_arg => undef. e.g. this block

<%args>
a
b => 'default value'
c => (isa => 'Str', default => 'something')
</%args>

is equivalent to

<%class>
has 'a' => (init_arg => undef);
has 'b' => (init_arg => undef, default => 'default value');
has 'c' => (init_arg => undef, isa => 'Str', default => 'something');
</%class>

<%text>

Text in this section is printed as-is with all Mason syntax ignored.

<%text>
% This is an example of a Perl line.
<% This is an example of an expression block. %>
</%text>

This works for almost everything, but doesn't let you output </%text> itself! When all else fails, use print:

% $m->print('The tags are <%text> and </%text>.');

NAMED BLOCKS

Blocks that take a name argument.

<%method name params>

Creates a new method with the specified name and params. Uses Method::Signatures::Simple underneath, so $self and any other declared parameters are automatically shifted off of @_.

<%method greet ($name, $color)>
<div style="color: <% $color %>">
   Hello, <% $name %>!
</div>
</%method>

<%after name>

<%augment name>

<%around name>

<%before name>

<%override name>

Modifies a content-producing method with the specified name. See Moose::Manual::MethodModifiers for a description of each modifier.

$self is automatically shifted off for the body of <%after>, <%augment>, <%before> and <%override >. $orig and $self are automatically shifted off for the body of <%around>.

<%after render>
   <% # Add analytics line after everything has rendered %>
   <& /shared/google_analytics_line.mi &>
</%after>

<%augment wrap>
  <html>
    <body>
      <% inner() %>
    </body>
  </html>
</%augment>

<%around navbar>
  <div class="navbar_special">
    <% $self->$orig() %>
  </div>
</%around>

<%override navbar>
  <% super() %>
  <a href="extra">extra</a>
</%override>

<%filter name params>

Creates a filter method with the specified name and params. Works just like a <%method> block, except that you can call $yield->() to generate the original content. e.g.

<%filter Row ($class)>
<tr class="<% $class %>">
% foreach my $item (split(/\s/, $yield->()) {
   <td><% $item %></td>
% }
</tr>
</%filter>

<% $.Row('std') %> First Second Third </%>

generates

<tr class="std">
  <td>First</td>
  <td>Second</td>
  <td>Third</td>
</tr>

See Mason::Manual::Filters for more information on filters.

CALLING COMPONENTS

<& path, args &>

<& /path/to/comp.mi, name=>value, ... &>

path is an absolute or relative component path. If the latter, it is considered relative to the location of the current component. args is a list of one or more name/value pairs.

The path may be a literal string (quotes optional) or a Perl expression that evaluates to a string. To eliminate the need for quotes in most cases, Mason employs some magic parsing: If the first character is one of [\w/_.], comp_path is assumed to be a literal string running up to the first comma or &>. Otherwise, comp_path is evaluated as an expression.

Here are some examples:

# relative component paths
<& topimage.mi &>
<& tools/searchbox.mi &>

# absolute component path
<& /shared/masthead.mi, color=>'salmon' &>

# this component path MUST have quotes because it contains a comma
<& "sugar,eggs.mi", mix=>1 &>

# variable component path
<& $comp &>

# variable component and attributes
<& $comp, %args &>

# you can use arbitrary expression for component path, but it cannot
# begin with a letter or number; delimit with () to remedy this
<& (int(rand(2)) ? 'thiscomp.mi' : 'thatcomp.mi'), id=>123 &>

You can also call components with the comp and scomp methods.

COMMENTS

<% # comment... %>

A <% %> tag is considered a comment if all of its lines are either whitespace, or begin with a '#' optionally preceded by whitespace. For example,

<% # This is a single-line comment %>

<%
   # This is a
   # multi-line comment
%>

% # comment

Because a line beginning with % is treated as Perl, % # automatically works as a comment. However we prefer the <% # comment %> form over % #, because it stands out a little more as a comment and because it is more flexible with regards to preceding whitespace.

% if (0) { }

Anything between these two lines

% if (0) {
...
% }

will be skipped by Mason, including component calls. While we don't recomend this for comments per se, it is a useful notation for "commenting out" code that you don't want to run.

HTML/XML/... comments

HTML and other markup languages will have their own comment markers, for example <!-- -->. Note two important differences with these comments versus the above comments:

  • They will be sent to the client and appear in the source of the page.

  • They do not block component calls and other code from running, so don't try to use them to comment out code!

    <!-- Oops, the code below will still run
   <& /shared/expensive.mhtml &>
-->

WHITESPACE AND NEWLINES

Newlines between blocks

Mason will ignore a single newline between blocks, so that you can space them nicely. Additional newlines beyond that will be displayed.

<%class>
...
</%class>
                  <-- ignored
<%method foo>
...
</%method>
                  <-- ignored
                  <-- displayed
<%method bar>
...
</%method>

Backslash at end of line

A backslash (\) at the end of a line suppresses the newline. In HTML components, this is mostly useful for fixed width areas like <pre> tags, since browsers ignore white space for the most part. An example:

<pre>
foo
% if (1) {
bar
% }
baz
</pre>

outputs

foo
bar
baz

because of the newlines on lines 2 and 4. (Lines 3 and 5 do not generate a newline because the entire line is taken by Perl.) To suppress the newlines:

<pre>
foo\
% if (1) {
bar\
% }
baz
</pre>

which prints

foobarbaz

SEE ALSO

Mason

AUTHOR

Jonathan Swartz <swartz@pobox.com>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This software is copyright (c) 2011 by Jonathan Swartz.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.