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=head1 NAME
makepp_build_cache -- How to set up and use build caches
=for vc $Id: makepp_build_cache.pod,v 1.29 2014/07/08 22:37:36 pfeiffer Exp $
=head1 DESCRIPTION
=for genindex '(?!atime)[a-z_]+' makepp_build_cache.pod
B<C:>E<nbsp>L<clean|/clean_option_path_to_cache>,
  L<create|/create_option_path_to_cache>,E<nbsp>
B<M:>E<nbsp>L<makepp_build_cache_control|/makepp_build_cache_control_command>,
  L<mppbcc|/makepp_build_cache_control_command>,E<nbsp>
B<S:>E<nbsp>L<show|/show_option_path_to_cache>,
  L<stats|/stats_option_path_to_cache>
A B<build cache> is a directory containing copies of previous targets that
makepp already built.  When makepp is asked to build a new target, it sees if
it has already built it somewhere else under the same conditions, and if so,
simply links or copies it instead of rebuilding it.
A build cache can be useful in the following circumstances:
=over 4
=item *
You are working on a program and you compile it optimized.  Then you
discover a bug, and recompile the whole thing in debug mode.  You find
the bug and you now want to recompile it in optimized mode.  Most of the
files will be identical.  If you used a build cache in all of your
compilations, makepp will simply pull the unchanged files out of the
build cache rather than recompiling them.
A similar situation is if you normally work on one architecture but
briefly switch to a different architecture, and then you switch back.
If the old files are still in the build cache, makepp will not have to
recompile anything.
=item *
You have checked out several copies of a particular program from your
version control system, and have made different changes to each
directory hierarchy.  (E.g., you are solving different bugs in different
directory hierarchies.)  Most of the files will be identical in the two
directory hierarchies.  If you build both with a build cache, the build
in the second directory hierarchy will be able to simply copy the files
from the build cache rather than recompiling files that are the same.
=item *
You have several developers working on the same set of sources.  Each
developer is making changes, but most of the files are identical between
developers.  If all the developers share a build cache, then if one
developer's build compiles a file, any other developer's build which has
to compile the identical file (with the same includes, etc.) can just
copy the cached file instead of rerunning the compilation.
=back
A build cache can help if all of the following are true:
=over 4
=item *
You have plenty of disk space.  Usually makepp will wind up caching many
copies of each file that is changing, because it has no idea which ones
will actually be used.  You can turn off the build cache for certain
files, but if the build cache is going to be useful at all, it will
probably have to have a lot of files in it.
=item *
Your files take noticeably longer to build than to copy.  If the build cache
is on the same file system, makepp will try to use hard links rather than
copying the file.  Makepp has to link or copy the file into the cache when the
file is built, and then it has to link or copy the file from the cache when it
is required again.  Furthermore, there is a small overhead involved in
checking whether the needed file is actually in the build cache, and copying
the build information about the file as well as the file itself.
You may find, for example, that using a build cache isn't worth it for
compiling very small modules.  It's almost certainly not worth it for commands
to make a static library (an archive file, F<libxyz.a>), except if you use
links to save disk space.
=item *
There is a high probability that some files will be needed again in
another compilation.  If you are only compiling a piece of software
once, build caches can only slow things down.
=back
Using a build cache requires a little bit of setup and maintenance work.
Please do not try using a build cache until you understand how they
work, how to create them, and how to keep them from continually growing
and eating up all of the available disk space on your system.
=head2 How a build cache works
If you enable a build cache, every time a file is built, makepp stores a
copy away in a build cache.  The name of the file is a key that is a
hash of the checksums of all the inputs and the build command and the
architecture.  The next time makepp wants to rebuild the file, it sees
if there is a file with the same checksums already in the build cache.
If so, the file is copied out of the build cache.
For efficiency, if the build cache is located on the same file system as
the build, makepp will not actually copy the file; instead, it will make
a hard link.  This is faster and doesn't use up any extra disk space.
Similarly, when makepp wants to pull a file out of the build cache, it
will use a hard link if possible, or copy it if necessary.
B<WARNING:> Makepp I<never> deletes files from a build cache unless it
is explicitly asked.  This means that your build caches will continue to
grow without bounds unless you clean them up periodically (see below for
details).
=head3 Build caches and repositories
Build caches and repositories (see L<makepp_repositories>) can solve
similar problems.  For some situations, a repository is more
appropriate, while for others, a build cache is more appropriate.
You can also combine the two.  If you have a huge directory structure with
lots of sources, which you don't want every developer to have a copy of, then
you can provide them as a repository.  The produced files, with varying debug
options and so forth, can then be managed more flexibly through a build cache.
The key differences between a build cache and a repository are:
=over 4
=item *
A build cache can only store files created by the build procedure.  A
repository can also have original source files.
=item *
Files in a repository should B<not> change during the course of a
build.  A build cache does not have any such restriction.
=item *
Files in a repository must be present in the same relative position as
the files in the build directory.  E.g., if makepp needs the file
F<subdir1/subdir2/xyz.abc>, then it only looks at
F<repository_root/subdir1/subdir2/xyz.abc>.  Files in a build cache have
lost all directory hierarchy information, and are looked up only based
on the inputs and the command that were required to produce them.
=item *
Files in a repository are soft-linked into their new locations in the
build directories.  Files in a build cache are either copied or
hard-linked into their new locations.  If a copy is necessary, a
repository will certainly be faster.
=item *
Build caches cost a bit of time to put files into them.  A repository does not
have any extra cost (for the current run, that is, there was of course the
cost of creating it beforehand), but often requires a bit more advance
planning.
=back
In general, a repository is more useful if you have a single central
build that you want all developers to take files from.  A build cache is
what you want if you have a decentralized system where one developer
should borrow compiled files from any other developer.
Both build caches and repositories can help with variant builds.  For
example, if you want to compile all your sources optimized, then again
with debugging, then again optimized, you can avoid recompiling all the
optimized files again by using either a repository or a build cache.  To
do this with a repository, you have to think ahead and explicitly tell
makepp to use a repository for the debugging compilation, or else it
will wipe out your initial optimized compilation.  With a build cache,
makepp goes ahead and wipes out the initial optimized compilation but
can get it back quickly.
=head2 Build cache grouping
A group is a loose coupling of build caches.  It is loose in the sense that
makepp doesn't deal with it, so as to not slow down its build cache
management.  To benefit from this you have to use the L<offline utility|How to
manage a build cache>.  Notably the C<clean> command also performs the
replication.  If you give an unrealistic cleaning criterion, like
C<--mtime=+1000>, no cleaning occurs, only replication.
Grouping allows sharing files with more people, especially if you have your
build caches on the developers' disks, to benefit from hard linking, which
saves submission time and disk space.  Hard linking alone, however, is
restricted to per disk benefits.
With grouping the file will get replicated at some time after makepp submitted
it to the build cache.  This means that the file will get created only once
for all disks together.
On file systems which allow hard linking to symbolic links -- which seems
restricted to Linux and Solaris -- the file will additionally be physically
present on one disk only.  Additionally it remains on each disk it got created
on before you replicated, but only as long as it is in use on those disks.  In
this scenario with symlinks you may choose one or more file systems on which
you prefer your files to be physically.  Be aware that successfully built
files may become unavailable, if the disk they are on physically goes offline.
Rebuilding will remedy this, and the impact can be lessened by spreading the
files over several preferred disks.
Replication has several interesting uses:
=over
=item NFS (possible with copying too)
You have a central NFS server which provides the preferred build cache.  Each
machine and developer disk has a local build cache for fast submission.  You
either mount back all the developer disks to the NFS server, and perform the
replication and cleaning centrally, or you replicate locally on each NFS
client machine, treating only the part of the group visible there.
=item Unsafe disk (possible with copying too)
If you compile on a RAM disk (hopefully editing your sources in a
L<repository|makepp_repositories> on a safe disk), you can make the safe disks
be the preferred ones.  Then replication will migrate the files to the safe
disks, where they survive a reboot.  After every reboot you will have to
recreate the RAM disk build cache and add it to the group (which will give a
warning, harmless in this case, because the other group members still remember
it).
=item Full disk (hard linking to symbolic links only)
If one of your disks is notoriously full, you can make the build caches on all
the other disks be preferred.  That way replication will migrate the files
away from the full disk, randomly to any of the others.
=back
=head2 How to use a build cache
=head3 How to tell makepp to use the build cache
Once the build cache has been created, it is now available to makepp.  There
are several options you can specify during creation; see L<How to manage a
build cache> for details.
A build cache is specified with the
L<--build-cache|makepp_command/b_directory> command line option, with the
L<build_cache|makepp_statements/build_cache_path_to_build_cache> statement within a
makefile, or with the
L<:build_cache|makepp_rules/build_cache_path_to_build_cache> rule modifier.
The most useful ways that I have found so far to work with build caches
are:
=over 4
=item *
Set the build cache path in the environment variable MAKEPPFLAGS, like
this (first variant for Korn Shell or bash, second for csh):
    export MAKEPPFLAGS=--build-cache=/path/to/build/cache
    setenv MAKEPPFLAGS --build-cache=/path/to/build/cache
Now every build that you run will always use this build cache, and you
don't need to modify anything else.
=item *
Specify the build cache in your makefiles with a line like this:
    BUILD_CACHE := /path/to/build_cache
    build_cache $(BUILD_CACHE)
You have to put this in all makefiles that use a build cache (or in a common
include file that all the makefiles use).  Or put this into your
F<RootMakeppfile>:
    BUILD_CACHE := /path/to/build_cache
    global build_cache $(BUILD_CACHE)
On a multiuser machine you might set up one build cache per home disk to take
advantage of links.  You might find it more convenient to use a statement like
this:
    build_cache $(find_upwards our_build_cache)
which searches upwards from the current directory in the current file system
until it finds a directory called F<our_build_cache>.  This can be the same
statement for all users and still individually point to the cache on their disk.
Solaris 10 can do some fancy remounting of home directories.  Your home will
apparently be a mount point of its own, called F</home/$LOGNAME>, when in fact it
is on one of the F</export/home*> disks alongside those of other users.
Because it's not really a separate filesystem, links still work.  But you
can't search upwards.  Instead you can do:
    BUILD_CACHE := ${makeperl </export/home*/$(LOGNAME)/../makepp_bc>}
=back
=head3 Build caches and signatures
Makepp looks up files in the build cache according to their signatures.
If you are using the default signature method (file date + size), makepp
will only pull files out of the build cache if the file date of the
input files is identical.  Depending on how your build works, the file
dates may never be identical.  For example, if you check files out into
two different directory hierarchies, the file dates are likely to be the
time you checked the files out, not the time the files were checked in
(depending, of course, on your version control software).
What you probably want is to pull files out of the build cache if the
file I<contents> are identical, regardless of the date.  If this is the
case, you should be using some sort of a content-based signature.
Makepp does this by default for C and C++ compilations, but it uses file
dates for any other kinds of files (e.g., object files, or any other
files in the build process not specifically recognized as a C source or
include file).  If you want other kinds of files to work with the build
cache (i.e., if you want it to work with anything other than C/C++
compilation commands), then you could put a statement like this
somewhere near the top of your makefile:
    signature md5
to force makepp to use signatures based on the content of files rather
than their date.
=head3 How not to cache certain files
There may be certain files that you know you will never want to cache.
For example, if you embed a datestamp into a file, you know that you
will never under any circumstances want to fetch a previous copy of the
file out of the build cache, because the date stamp is different.  In
this case, it is just a waste of time and disk space to copy it into the
build cache.
Or, you may think it is highly unlikely that you will want to cache the
final executable.  You might want to cache individual objects or shared
objects that go into making the executable, but it's often pretty
unlikely that you will build an I<exactly> identical executable from
identical inputs.  Again, in this case, using a build cache is a waste
of disk space and time, so it makes sense to disable it.
Sometimes a file may be extremely quick to generate, and it is just a
waste to put it into the build cache since it can be generated as
quickly as copied.  You may want to selectively disable caching of these
files.
You can turn off the build cache for specific rules by specifying S<C<:
build_cache none>> in a rule, like this:
    our_executable: dateStamp.o main.o */*.so
        : build_cache none
        $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(inputs) -o $(output)
This flag means that any outputs from this particular rule will never be
put into the build cache, and makepp will never try to pull them out of
the build cache either.
=head2 How to manage a build cache
=over
=item makepp_build_cache_control I<command ...>
=item mppbcc I<command ...>
=back
B<makepp_build_cache_control, mppbcc> is a utility that administers build caches for
makepp.  What B<makepp_build_cache_control> does is determined by the first
word of its argument.
In fact this little script is a wrapper to the following command, which you
might want to call directly in your cron jobs, where the path to
C<makeppbuiltin> might be needed:
    makeppbuiltin -MMpp::BuildCacheControl command ...
You can also use these commands from a makefile after loading them, with a
C<&>-prefix as follows for the example of C<create>:
    perl { use Mpp::BuildCacheControl } # It's a Perl module, so use instead of include.
    my_cache:
        &create $(CACHE_OPTIONS) $(output) # Call a loaded builtin.
    build_cache $(prebuild my_cache)
The valid commands, which also take a few of the standard options described in
L<makepp_builtins>, are:
=over 4
=item create I<[option ...] path/to/cache ...>
Creates the build caches with the given options.  Valid options are:
Standard options: C<-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -v, --verbose>
=over 4
=item -e I<group>
=item --extend=I<group>
=item --extend-group=I<group>
Add the new build cache to the C<group>.  This may have been a single stand
alone build cache up to now.
=item -f
=item --force
This allows to create the cache even if F<path/to/cache> already existed.  If
it was a file it gets deleted.  If it was a directory, it gets reused, with
whatever content it had.
=item -p
=item --preferred
This option is only meaningful if you have build caches in the group, which
allow hard linking to symlinks.  In that case cleaning will migrate the
members to the preferred disk.  You may create several caches within a group
with this option, in which case the files will be migrated randomly to them.
=item -s I<n1,n2,...>
=item --subdir-chars=I<n1,n2,...>
Controls how many levels of subdirectories are created to hold the cached
files, and how many files will be in each subdirectory.  The first I<n1>
characters of the filename form the top level directory name, and the
characters from I<n1> to I<n2> form the second level directory name, and so
on.
Files in the build cache are named using MD5 hashes of data that makepp uses,
so each filename is 22 base64 digits plus the original filename.  If a build
cache file name is F<0123456789abcdef012345_module.o>, it is actually stored
in the build cache as F<01B</>23B</>456789abcdef012345_module.o> if you
specify S<C<--subdir-chars 2,4>>.  In fact, S<C<--subdir-chars 2,4>> is the
default, which is for a gigantic build cache of maximally 4096 dirs with
416777216 subdirs.  Even S<C<--subdir-chars 1,2>> or S<C<--subdir-chars 1>>
will get you quite far.  On a file system optimized for huge directories you
might even say S<C<-s ''>> or S<C<--subdir-chars=>> to store all files at the
top level.
=item -m I<perms>
=item --mode=I<perms>
=item --access-permissions=I<perms>
Specifies the directory access permissions when files are added to the build
cache.  If you want other people to put files in your build cache, you must
make it group or world writable.  Permissions must be specified using octal
notation.
As these are directory permissions, if you grant any access, you must also
grant execute access, or you will get a bunch of weird failures.  I.e. C<0700>
means that only this user may have access to this build cache. C<0770> means
that this user and anyone in the group may have write access to the build
cache.  C<0777> means that anyone may have access to the build cache.  The
sensible octal digits are 7 (write), 5 (read) or 0 (none).  3 (write) or 1
(read) is also possible, allowing the cache to be used, but not to be browsed,
i.e. it would be harder for a malicious user to find file names to manipulate.
In a group of build caches each one has its own value for this, so you can
enforce different write permissions on different disks.
If you don't specify the permissions, your umask permissions at creation time
apply throughout the lifetime of the build cache.
=back
=item clean I<[option ...] /path/to/cache ...>
Cleans up the cache.  Makepp never deletes files from the build cache; it is
up to you to delete the files with this command.  For multiuser caches the
sysop can do this.
Only files with a link count of 1 are deleted (because otherwise, the file
doesn't get physically deleted anyway -- you'd just uncache a file which
someone is apparently still interested in, so somebody else might be too).
The criteria you give pertain to the actual cached files.  Each build info
file will be deleted when its main file is.  No empty directories will be
left.  Irrespective of the link count and the options you give, any file that
does not match its build info file will be deleted, if it is older than a
safety margin of 10 minutes.
The following options take a time specification as an argument.  Time specs
start with a C<+> meaning longer ago, a C<-> meaning more recently or nothing
meaning between the number you give, and one more.  Numbers, which may be
fractional, are by default days.  But they may be followed by one of the
letters C<w> (weeks), C<d> (days, the default), C<h> (hours), C<m> (minutes)
or C<s> (seconds).  Note that days are simply 24 real hours ignoring any
change between summer and winter time.  Examples:
    1           between 24 and 48 hours ago
    24h         between 24 and 25 hours ago
    0.5d        between 12 and 36 hours ago
    1w          between 7 and 14 times 24 hours ago
    -2          less than 48 hours ago
    +30m        more than 30 minutes ago
All the following options are combined with C<and>.  If you want several sets
of combinations with C<or>, you must call this command repeatedly with
different sets of options.  Do the ones where you expect the most deletions
first, then the others can be faster.
Standard options: C<-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -v, --verbose>
=over
=item -a I<spec>
=item --atime I<spec>
=item --access-time I<spec>
The last time the file was read.  For a linked file this can happen anytime.
Otherwise this is the last time the file was copied.  On badly behaved systems
this could also be the last tape backup or search index creation time.  You
could try to exclude the cache from such operations.
Some file systems do not support the atime field, and even if the file system
does, sometimes people turn off access time on their file systems because it
adds a lot of extra disk I/O which can be harmful on battery powered
notebooks, or in disk speed optimization.
(But this is potentially fixable -- see the UTIME_ON_IMPORT comment in
Mpp/BuildCache.pm.)
=item -b
=item --blend
=item --blend-groups
Usually each F</path/to/cache> you specify will separately treat the group of
build caches it belongs to.  Each group gets treated only once, even if you
specify several pathes from the same group.  With this option you temporarily
blend all the groups you specify into one group.
Doing this for clean may have unwanted effects, if you can hard link to
symlinks, because it may migrate members from one group to another.
Subsequent non blended cleans, may then clean them form the original group
prematurely.
=item -c I<spec>
=item --ctime I<spec>
=item --change-time I<spec>
The last change time of the file's inode.  In a linking situation this could
be the time when the last user recreated the file differently, severing his
link to the cache.  This could also be the time the C<--set-user> option below
had to change the user.  On well behaved systems this could also be the time
when the last tape backup or search index creation covered its marks by
resetting the atime.
=item -m I<spec>
=item --mtime I<spec>
=item --modification-time I<spec>
The last modification time of the file.  As explained elsewhere it is
discouraged to have makepp update a file.  So the last modification will
usually be the time of creation.  (But in the future makepp may optionally
update the mtime when deleting files.  This is so that links on atime-less
filesystems or copies can be tracked.)
=item -g I<group>
=item --newgrp=I<group>
=item --new-group=I<group>
Set the effective and real group id to group (name or numeric).  Only root may
be able to do this.  This is needed when you use grouped build caches, and you
provide write access to the caches based on group id.  Usually that will not
be root's group and thus replication would create unwritable directories
without this option.
This option is named after the equivalent utility C<newgrp> which alas can't
easily be used in C<cron> jobs or similar setups.
=item -i
=item --build-info
=item --build-info-check
Check that the build info matches the member.  This test is fairly expensive
so you might consider not giving this option in the daytime.
=item -l
=item --symlink-check
=item --symbolic-link-check
This option makes C<clean> read every symbolic link which has no external hard
links to verify that it points to the desired member.  As this is somewhat
expensive, it is suggested doing this only at night.
=item -M I<spec>
=item --in-mtime I<spec>
=item --incoming-modification-time I<spec>
The last modification time for files in the incoming directory.
This directory is used for temporary files with process-specific names that
can be written free of concurrent access and then renamed into the active
part of the cache atomically.
Files normally live here only for as long as it takes to write them, but
they can get orphaned if the process that is writing them terminates abnormally
before it can remove them.
This part of the cache is cleaned first, because the link counts in the active
part of the cache can be improperly affected by orphaned files.
The timespec for C<--incoming-modification-time> must begin with C<+>,
and defaults to C<+2h> (files at least 2 hours old are assumed to have been
orphaned).
=item -w
=item --workdays
This influences how the time options count.  Weekends are ignored, as though
they weren't there.  An exception is if you give this option on a weekend.
Then that weekend counts normally.  So you can use it in cronjobs that run
from Tuesday through Saturday.  Summertime is ignored.  So summer weekends can
go from Saturday 1:00 to Monday 1:00, or southern hemisphere winter weekends
from Friday 23:00 to Sunday 23:00 or however much your timezone changes the
time.  Holidays are also not taken into account.
=item -p I<perlcode>
=item --perl=I<perlcode>
=item --predicate=I<perlcode>
TODO: adapt this description to group changes!
This is the Swiss officer's knife.  The I<perlcode> is called in scalar
context once for every cache entry (i.e. excluding directories and metainfo
files).  It is called in a C<File::Find> C<wanted> function, so see there for
the variables you can use.  An C<lstat> has been performed, so you can use the
C<_> filehandle.
If I<perlcode> returns C<undef> it is as if it weren't there, that is the
other options decide.  If it returns true the file is deleted.  If it returns
false, the file is retained.
=item -s I<spec>
=item --size I<spec>
The file size specification works just like time specifications, with C<+> for
bigger than or C<-> for smaller than, except that the units must be C<c>
(bytes, the default), C<k> (kilobytes), C<M> (megabytes) or C<G> (gigabytes).
=item -u I<user>
=item --user=I<user>
=item --set-user=I<user>
This option is very different.  It does not say when to delete a file.
Instead it applies to the files that do not get deleted.  Note that on many
systems only root is allowed to set the user of a file.  See under L<Caveats
working with build caches> why you might need to change ownership to some
neutral user if you use disk quotas.
This strategy only works if you can trust your users not to subvert the build
cache for storing arbitrary (i.e. non-development) files beyond their disk
quota.  The ownership of the associated metadata file is retained, so you can
always see who cached a file.  If you need this option, it might need to be
given several times during the daytime.
=back
There are different possible strategies, depending on how much space you have
and on whether the build cache contains linked files or whether users only
have copies.  Several strategies can be combined, by calling them one after
another or at different times.  The C<show> command is meant to help you find
an appropriate strategy.
A nightly (from Tuesday through Saturday) run might specify C<--atime +2> (or
C<--mtime> if you don't have atime), deleting all files no one has read for two
days.
If you use links, you can also prevent fast useless growth which occurs when
successive header changes, which never get version controlled, lead to lots of
objects being rapidly created.  Something like an hourly run with
C<--mtime=-2h --ctime=+1h> during the daytime will catch those guys the
creator deleted within less than an hour, and nobody else has wanted since.
=item show I<[option ...] /path/to/cache ...>
This is a sort of recursive C<ls -l> or C<stat> command, which shows the
original owner too, for when the owner of the cached file has been changed and
the metadata file retains the original owner (as per C<clean --set-user>).  It
shows the given files, or all under the directories given.
The fields are, in the short standard and the long verbose form:
=over
=item MODE, mode
The octal mode of the cached file, which is usually as it got put in, minus
the write bits.
=item EL, ext-links
The number external hard links there are to all members of the group combined.
Only when this is 0, is the file eligible for cleaning.
=item C, copies (only for grouped build caches)
The number of copies of the identical file, across all build caches.  Ideally
this is one on systems which permit hard linking to symbolic links, but that
may temporarily not be possible, while there are external links to more than
one copy (in which case we'd lose the link count if we deleted it.
=item S, symlinks (only for grouped build caches)
The number of symbolic links between build caches.  Ideally this is the number
of build caches minus one on systems which permit hard linking to symbolic
links.  But as explained for the previous field, there may be more copies than
necessary, and thus less links.
=item UID
The owner of the cached file.  This may be changed with the C<clean --user>
option.
=item BI-UID
The owner of the build info file.  This is not changed by clean, allowing to
see who first built the file.
=item SIZE
The size (of one copy) in bytes.
=item atime, mtime, ctime
In the long verbose form you get the file access (read) time, the modification
time and the inode change time (e.g. when some user deleted his external link
to the cached file).  In the short standard form you get only one of the three
times in three separate columns:
=item AD, MD, CD
The week day of the access, modification or inode change.
=item ADATE, MDATE, CDATE
The date of the access, modification or inode change.
=item ATIME, MTIME, CTIME
The day time of the access, modification or inode change.
=item MEMBER
The full path of the cached file, including the key, from the cache root.
=back
With C<-v, --verbose> the information shown for each command allows you to get
an impression which options to give to the C<clean> command.  The times are
shown in readable form, as well as the number of days, hours or minutes the
age of this file has just exceeded.  If you double the option, you
additionally get the info for each group member.
Standard options: C<-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -f, --force,
-o, --output=filename, -O, --outfail, -v, --verbose>
=over
=item -a
=item --atime
=item --access-time
Show the file access time, instead of file modification time in
non-verbose mode.
=item -b
=item --blend
=item --blend-groups
Usually each F</path/to/cache> you specify will separately treat the group of
build caches it belongs to.  Each group gets treated only once, even if you
specify several pathes from the same group.  With this option you temporarily
blend all the groups you specify into one group.
=item -c
=item --ctime
=item --change-time
Show the inode info change time, instead of file modification time in
non-verbose mode.
=item -d
=item --deletable
Show only deletable files, i.e. those with an external link count of 0.
=item -p I<pattern>
=item --pattern=I<pattern>
I<Pattern> is a bash style file name pattern (i.e. ?, *, [], {,,}) matched
against member names after the underscore separating them from the key.
=item -s I<list>
=item --sort=I<list>
In non-verbose mode change the sorting order.  The list is a case insensitive
comma- or space-separated order of column titles.  There are two special
cases: "member" only considers the names after the key, i.e. the file names as
they are outside of the cache.  And there is a special name "age", which
groups whichever date and time is being shown.  This option defaults to
"member,age".
If you have a huge cache for which sorting takes intolerably long, or needs
more memory than your processes are allowed, you can skip sorting by giving an
empty list.
=back
=item stats I<[option ...] /path/to/cache ...>
This outputs several tables of statistics about the build cache contents.
Each table is split into three column groups.  The first column varies for
each table and is the row heading.  The other two groups pertain to sum of
B<SIZE> of files and number of B<FILES> for that heading.  Directories and
build info files are not counted, so this is a little less for size than
actual disk usage and about half for number of files.
Each of the latter two groups consists of three column pairs, one column with
a value, and one for the percentage of the total that value represents.  The
first pair shows either the size of files or the number of files.  The other
two pairs show the B<CUMUL>ation, once from smallest to biggest and once the
other way round.
The first three tables, with a first column of B<AD>, B<CD> or B<MD> show
access times, inode change times or modification times grouped by days.  Days
are actually 24 hour blocks counting backwards from the start time of the
stats command.  The row "0" of the first table will thus show the sum of sizes
and the number of files accessed less than a day ago.  If no files were
accessed then, there will be no row "0".  Row "1" in the third table will show
the files modified (i.e. written to the build cache) between 24 and 48 hours
ago.
The next table, B<EL>, shows external links, i.e. how many build trees share a
file from the build cache.  This is a measure of usefulness of the build
cache.  Alas it only works when developers have a buld cache on their own
disk, else they have to copy which leaves no global trail.  The more content
has bigger external link counts, the bigger the benefit of the build cache.
The next table, again B<EL>, shows the same information as the previous one,
but weighted by the number of external links.  Each byte or file with an
external link count of one counts as one.  But if the count is ten, the values
are counted ten times.  That's why the headings change to B<*SIZE> and
B<*FILES>.  This is a hypothetical value, showing how much disk usage or how
many files there would be if the same build trees had all used no build cache.
One more table, B<C:S> copies to symlinks, pertains to grouped caches only.
Ideally all members exist in one copy, and one less symlinks than there are
caches in the group.  Symlinks remain "0" until cleaning has replicated.
There may be more than one copy, if either several people created the
identical file before it was replicated, or if replication migrated the file
to a preferred disk, but the original file was still in use.  Superfluous
copies become symlinks when cleaning finds they have no more external links.
Standard options: C<-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -v, --verbose>
=over
=item -h
=item --hours
Display the first three tables in much finer granularity.  The column headings
change to B<AH>, B<CH> or B<MH> accordingly.
=item -p I<pattern>
=item --pattern=I<pattern>
I<Pattern> is a bash style file name pattern (i.e. ?, *, [], {,,}) matched
against member names after the underscore separating them from the key.  All
statistics are limited to matching files.
=back
=back
=head2 Caveats working with build caches
Build caches will not work well under the following circumstances:
=over 4
=item *
If the command that makepp runs to build a file actually only I<updates>
the file and does not build it fresh, then you should B<NOT> use a build
cache.  (An example is a command to update a module in a static library
(an archive file, or a file with an extension of F<.a>).  As explained
in L<makepp_cookbook>, on modern machines it is almost always a bad idea
to update an archive file--it's better to rebuild it from scratch each
time for a variety of reasons.  This is yet another reason not to update
an archive file.)  The reason is that if the build cache happens to be
located on the same file system, makepp makes a hard link rather than
copying the file.  If you then subsequently modify the file, the file
that makepp has in the build cache will actually be modified, and you
could potentially screw up someone else's compilation.  In practice,
makepp can usually detect that a file has been modified since it was
placed in the build cache and it won't use it, but sometimes it may not
actually detect the modification.
=for TODO there is no creation time: [Makepp should verify that the file's
creation time has changed before putting it in the build cache.  In fact,
maybe it should delete it from the build cache if the creation time did not
change but the modification time did.  It should at least give a warning.]
=item *
For F<.o> files this can be slightly wrong, because they may (depending on the
compiler and debug level) contain the path to the source they were built from.
This can make debugging hard.  The debugger may make you edit the original
creator's copy of the source, or may not even find the file, if the creator no
longer has a copy.  Makepp may someday offer an option to patch the path,
which will of course mean a copy, instead of an efficient link.
=item *
Any other file which has a path encoded into it should not be put into a build
cache (if you share your build cache among several directory hierarchies or
several developers).  In this case, the result of a build in a different
directory is not the same as if it were in the same directory, so the whole
concept of the build cache is not applicable.  It's ok if you specify the
directory path on the command line, like this:
    &echo prog_path=$(PWD) -o $(output)
because then the command line will be different and makepp won't
incorrectly pull the file out of the build cache.  But if the command
line is not different, then there could be a problem.  For example,
    echo prog_path=`pwd` > $(output)
will not work properly.
=item *
When using links and with many active developers of the same project on the
same disk, build caches can save a lot of disk space.  But at the same time
for individual users the opposite can also be true:
Imagine Chang is the first to do a full build.  Along comes Ching and gets a
link to all those files.  Chang does some fundamental changes leading to most
things being rebuilt.  He checks them in, Chong checks them out and gets links
to the build cache.  Chang again does changes, leading to a third set of files.
In this scenario, no matter what cleaning strategy you use, no files will get
deleted, because they are all still in use.  The problem is that they all
belong to Chang, which can make him reach his disk quota, and there is nothing
he can do about it on most systems.  See the C<clean --set-user> command under
L<How to manage a build cache> for how the system administrator could change
the files to a quota-less cache owner.
=item *
If you are using timestamp/size signatures to cross check the target and
its build info (the default), then it is possible to get a signature alias,
wherein non-corresponding files will not be detected.
For example, the MD5_SUM build info value may not match the MD5 checksum
of the target.
This is not usually a problem, because by virtue of the fact that the build
cache keys match, the target in the build cache is substitutable for the
target that would have corresponded to the build info file.
However, if you have rule actions that depend on build info, then this could
get you into trouble (so don't do that).
If this worries you, then use the --md5-check-bc option.
=back
=head2 Concurrent access
Build caches need to support concurrent access, which implies that the
implementation must be tolerant of races.
In particular, a file might get aged (deleted) between the time makepp
decides to import a target and the time the import completes.
Furthermore, some people use build caches over NFS, which is not necessarily
coherent.
In other words, the order of file creation and deletion by the writer on one
host will not necessarily match the order seen by a reader on another host,
and therefore races I<cannot> be resolved by paying particular attention
to the order of file operations.
(But there is usually an NFS cache timeout of about 1 minute which guarantees
that writes will take no longer than that amount of time to propagate to all
readers.  Furthermore, typically in practice at least 99% of writes are visible
everywhere within 1 second.)
Because of this, we must tolerate the case in which the cached target and its
build info file appear not to correspond.
Furthermore, there is a peculiar race that can occur when a file is
simultaneously aged and replaced, in which the files don't correspond even
after the NFS cache flushes.
This appears to be unavoidable.