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Name
Nasm::X86 - Generate X86 assembler code using Perl as a macro pre-processor.
Synopsis
Write and execute x64 instructions using perl as a macro assembler as shown in the following examples.
Avx512 instructions
Use avx512 instructions to do 64 comparisons in parallel:
my $P = "2F"; # Value to test for
my $l = Rb 0; Rb $_ for 1..RegisterSize zmm0; # 0..63
Vmovdqu8 zmm0, "[$l]"; # Load data to test
PrintOutRegisterInHex zmm0;
Mov rax, "0x$P"; # Broadcast the value to be tested
Vpbroadcastb zmm1, rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex zmm1;
for my $c(0..7) # Each possible test
{my $m = "k$c";
Vpcmpub $m, zmm1, zmm0, $c;
PrintOutRegisterInHex $m;
}
Kmovq rax, k0; # Count the number of trailing zeros in k0
Tzcnt rax, rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and test
zmm0: 3F3E 3D3C 3B3A 3938 3736 3534 3332 3130 2F2E 2D2C 2B2A 2928 2726 2524 2322 2120 1F1E 1D1C 1B1A 1918 1716 1514 1312 1110 0F0E 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0100
zmm1: 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F 2F2F
k0: 0000 8000 0000 0000
k1: FFFF 0000 0000 0000
k2: FFFF 8000 0000 0000
k3: 0000 0000 0000 0000
k4: FFFF 7FFF FFFF FFFF
k5: 0000 FFFF FFFF FFFF
k6: 0000 7FFF FFFF FFFF
k7: FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF
rax: 0000 0000 0000 00$P
ENDDynamic string held in an arena
Create a dynamic byte string, add some content to it, write the byte string to stdout:
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->q('AA');
$b->q('BB');
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAAaabbBBbb
ENDProcess management
Start a child process and wait for it, printing out the process identifiers of each process involved:
Fork; # Fork
Test rax,rax;
If # Parent
{Mov rbx, rax;
WaitPid;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
GetPid; # Pid of parent as seen in parent
Mov rcx,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rcx;
}
sub # Child
{Mov r8,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r8;
GetPid; # Child pid as seen in child
Mov r9,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r9;
GetPPid; # Parent pid as seen in child
Mov r10,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r10;
};
my $r = Assemble;
# r8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 #1 Return from fork as seen by child
# r9: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #2 Pid of child
# r10: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #3 Pid of parent from child
# rax: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #4 Return from fork as seen by parent
# rbx: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #5 Wait for child pid result
# rcx: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #6 Pid of parentRead a file
Read this file:
ReadFile(Vq(file, Rs($0)), (my $s = Vq(size)), my $a = Vq(address)); # Read file
$a->setReg(rax); # Address of file in memory
$s->setReg(rdi); # Length of file in memory
PrintOutMemory; # Print contents of memory to stdout
my $r = Assemble(1 => (my $f = temporaryFile)); # Assemble and execute
ok fileMd5Sum($f) eq fileMd5Sum($0); # Output contains this fileInstallation
The Intel Software Development Emulator will be required if you do not have a computer with the avx512 instruction set and wish to execute code containing these instructions. For details see:
The Networkwide Assembler is required to assemble the code produced For full details see:
https://github.com/philiprbrenan/NasmX86/blob/main/.github/workflows/main.yml
Execution Options
The Assemble(%options) function takes the following keywords to control assembly and execution of the assembled code:
To produce a named executable without running it, specify:
keep=>"executable file name"To run the executable produced by Assemble(%options) without the Intel emulator, which is used by default if it is present, specify:
emulator=>0Description
Generate X86 assembler code using Perl as a macro pre-processor.
Version "20210521".
The following sections describe the methods in each functional area of this module. For an alphabetic listing of all methods by name see Index.
Data
Layout data
SetLabel($l)
Set a label in the code section
Parameter Description
1 $l LabelExample:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;Ds(@d)
Layout bytes in memory and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @d Data to be laid outExample:
my $q = Rs('a'..'z');
Mov rax, Ds('0'x64); # Output area # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Vmovdqu32(xmm0, "[$q]"); # Load
Vprolq (xmm0, xmm0, 32); # Rotate double words in quad words
Vmovdqu32("[rax]", xmm0); # Save
Mov rdi, 16;
PrintOutMemory;
ok Assemble =~ m(efghabcdmnopijkl)s;Rs(@d)
Layout bytes in read only memory and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @d Data to be laid outExample:
Comment "Print a string from memory";
my $s = "Hello World";
Mov rax, Rs($s); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rdi, length $s;
PrintOutMemory;
ok Assemble =~ m(Hello World);
my $q = Rs('abababab'); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov(rax, 1);
Mov(rbx, 2);
Mov(rcx, 3);
Mov(rdx, 4);
Mov(r8, 5);
Lea r9, "[rax+rbx]";
PrintOutRegistersInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m( r8: 0000 0000 0000 0005.* r9: 0000 0000 0000 0003.*rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001)s;
ok $r =~ m(rbx: 0000 0000 0000 0002.*rcx: 0000 0000 0000 0003.*rdx: 0000 0000 0000 0004)s;Db(@bytes)
Layout bytes in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @bytes Bytes to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4;
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Dw(@words)
Layout words in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @words Words to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4;
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Dd(@dwords)
Layout double words in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @dwords Double words to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4;
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Dq(@qwords)
Layout quad words in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @qwords Quad words to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4;
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Rb(@bytes)
Layout bytes in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @bytes Bytes to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Rw(@words)
Layout words in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @words Words to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Rd(@dwords)
Layout double words in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @dwords Double words to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Rq(@qwords)
Layout quad words in the data segment and return their label
Parameter Description
1 @qwords Quad words to layoutExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi));
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Float32($float)
32 bit float
Parameter Description
1 $float FloatFloat64($float)
64 bit float
Parameter Description
1 $float FloatRegisters
Operations on registers
Save and Restore
Saving and restoring registers via the stack
SaveFirstFour(@keep)
Save the first 4 parameter registers making any parameter registers read only
Parameter Description
1 @keep Registers to mark as read onlyExample:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;RestoreFirstFour()
Restore the first 4 parameter registers
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;RestoreFirstFourExceptRax()
Restore the first 4 parameter registers except rax so it can return its value
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi()
Restore the first 4 parameter registers except rax and rdi so we can return a pair of values
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;SaveFirstSeven()
Save the first 7 parameter registers
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;RestoreFirstSeven()
Restore the first 7 parameter registers
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax()
Restore the first 7 parameter registers except rax which is being used to return the result
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi()
Restore the first 7 parameter registers except rax and rdi which are being used to return the results
Example:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax;ReorderSyscallRegisters(@registers)
Map the list of registers provided to the 64 bit system call sequence
Parameter Description
1 @registers RegistersExample:
Mov rax, 1; Mov rdi, 2; Mov rsi, 3; Mov rdx, 4;
Mov r8, 8; Mov r9, 9; Mov r10, 10; Mov r11, 11;
ReorderSyscallRegisters r8,r9; # Reorder the registers for syscall # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rdi;
UnReorderSyscallRegisters r8,r9; # Unreorder the registers to recover their original values
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rdi;
ok Assemble =~ m(rax:.*08.*rdi:.*9.*rax:.*1.*rdi:.*2.*)s;UnReorderSyscallRegisters(@registers)
Recover the initial values in registers that were reordered
Parameter Description
1 @registers RegistersExample:
Mov rax, 1; Mov rdi, 2; Mov rsi, 3; Mov rdx, 4;
Mov r8, 8; Mov r9, 9; Mov r10, 10; Mov r11, 11;
ReorderSyscallRegisters r8,r9; # Reorder the registers for syscall
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rdi;
UnReorderSyscallRegisters r8,r9; # Unreorder the registers to recover their original values # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rdi;
ok Assemble =~ m(rax:.*08.*rdi:.*9.*rax:.*1.*rdi:.*2.*)s;ReorderXmmRegisters(@registers) = map {"xmm$_"} @_;)
Map the list of xmm registers provided to 0-31
Parameter Description
1 @registers) = map {"xmm$_"} @_; RegistersExample:
my $t = GenTree(2,2); # Tree description
$t->node->(); # Root
Movdqa xmm1, xmm0; # Root is in xmm1
if (1) # New left node
{$t->node->(); # Node in xmm0
Movdqa xmm2, xmm0; # Left is in xmm2
cxr {$t->insertLeft->()} 1,2; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Left")} 2; # Left node after insertion
}
if (1) # New right node in xmm0
{$t->node->();
Movdqa xmm3, xmm0; # Right is in xmm3
cxr {$t->insertRight->()} 1,3; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Right")} 3; # Right node after insertion
}
cxr
{$t->dump->("Root"); # Root node after insertions
$t->isRoot->();
IfNz {PrintOutStringNL "root"} sub {PrintOutStringNL "NOT root"};
} 1;
PushRR xmm0; # Dump underlying byte string
PopRR rdi, rax;
$t->byteString->dump;
Exit; # Return to operating system
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Test tree so produced
Left
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Right
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0150
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Root
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0010
up: 0000 0000 0000 0000
left: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
right: 0000 0000 0000 0150
root
Byte String
Size: 0000 0000 0000 1000
Used: 0000 0000 0000 01E0
ENDUnReorderXmmRegisters(@registers)
Recover the initial values in the xmm registers that were reordered
Parameter Description
1 @registers RegistersExample:
my $t = GenTree(2,2); # Tree description
$t->node->(); # Root
Movdqa xmm1, xmm0; # Root is in xmm1
if (1) # New left node
{$t->node->(); # Node in xmm0
Movdqa xmm2, xmm0; # Left is in xmm2
cxr {$t->insertLeft->()} 1,2; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Left")} 2; # Left node after insertion
}
if (1) # New right node in xmm0
{$t->node->();
Movdqa xmm3, xmm0; # Right is in xmm3
cxr {$t->insertRight->()} 1,3; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Right")} 3; # Right node after insertion
}
cxr
{$t->dump->("Root"); # Root node after insertions
$t->isRoot->();
IfNz {PrintOutStringNL "root"} sub {PrintOutStringNL "NOT root"};
} 1;
PushRR xmm0; # Dump underlying byte string
PopRR rdi, rax;
$t->byteString->dump;
Exit; # Return to operating system
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Test tree so produced
Left
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Right
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0150
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Root
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0010
up: 0000 0000 0000 0000
left: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
right: 0000 0000 0000 0150
root
Byte String
Size: 0000 0000 0000 1000
Used: 0000 0000 0000 01E0
ENDRegisterSize($r)
Return the size of a register
Parameter Description
1 $r RegisterExample:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 1;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSeven;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFour;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
SaveFirstFour;
Mov rax, 2;
Mov rdi, 2;
SaveFirstSeven;
Mov rax, 3;
Mov rdi, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax, rdi;
Bswap rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $l = Label;
Jmp $l;
SetLabel $l;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0002
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0001
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rdi: 0000 0000 0000 0004
rax: 0300 0000 0000 0000
END
ok 8 == RegisterSize rax; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲ClearRegisters(@registers)
Clear registers by setting them to zero
Parameter Description
1 @registers RegistersExample:
Mov rax,1;
Kmovq k0, rax;
Kaddb k0, k0, k0;
Kaddb k0, k0, k0;
Kaddb k0, k0, k0;
Kmovq rax, k0;
PushR k0;
ClearRegisters k0; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Kmovq k1, k0;
PopR k0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex k0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex k1;
ok Assemble =~ m(k0: 0000 0000 0000 0008.*k1: 0000 0000 0000 0000)s;SetRegisterToMinusOne($register)
Set the specified register to -1
Parameter Description
1 $register Register to setExample:
SetRegisterToMinusOne rax; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
ok Assemble =~ m(rax: FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF);SetMaskRegister($mask, $start, $length)
Set the mask register to ones starting at the specified position for the specified length and zeroes elsewhere
Parameter Description
1 $mask Mask register to set
2 $start Register containing start position or 0 for position 0
3 $length Register containing end positionExample:
Mov rax, 8;
Mov rsi, -1;
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k0, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k0; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k1, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k1; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k2, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k2; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k3, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k3; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k4, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k5, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k5; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k6, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k6; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Inc rsi; SetMaskRegister(k7, rax, rsi); PrintOutRegisterInHex k7; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
k0: 0000 0000 0000 0000
k1: 0000 0000 0000 0100
k2: 0000 0000 0000 0300
k3: 0000 0000 0000 0700
k4: 0000 0000 0000 0F00
k5: 0000 0000 0000 1F00
k6: 0000 0000 0000 3F00
k7: 0000 0000 0000 7F00
ENDSetZF()
Set the zero flag
Example:
SetZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutZF;
ClearZF;
PrintOutZF;
SetZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutZF;
SetZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutZF;
ClearZF;
PrintOutZF;
ok Assemble =~ m(ZF=1.*ZF=0.*ZF=1.*ZF=1.*ZF=0)s;ClearZF()
Clear the zero flag
Example:
SetZF;
PrintOutZF;
ClearZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutZF;
SetZF;
PrintOutZF;
SetZF;
PrintOutZF;
ClearZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutZF;
ok Assemble =~ m(ZF=1.*ZF=0.*ZF=1.*ZF=1.*ZF=0)s;Tracking
Track the use of registers so that we do not accidently use unset registers or write into registers that are already in use.
Keep(@target)
Mark free registers so that they are not updated until we Free them or complain if the register is already in use.
Parameter Description
1 @target Registers to keepKeepSet($target)
Confirm that the specified registers are in use
Parameter Description
1 $target Registers to keepKeepPush(@target)
Push the current status of the specified registers and then mark them as free
Parameter Description
1 @target Registers to keepKeepPop(@target)
Reset the status of the specified registers to the status quo ante the last push
Parameter Description
1 @target Registers to keepKeepReturn(@target)
Pop the specified register and mark it as in use to effect a subroutine return with this register.
Parameter Description
1 @target Registers to returnKeepFree(@target)
Free registers so that they can be reused
Parameter Description
1 @target Registers to freeArithmetic
Arithmetic operations on registers
Copy($target, $source)
Copy the source to the target register
Parameter Description
1 $target Target register
2 $source Source expressionExample:
my $s = Rb(13, 1..13);
my $t = Rb(1..64);
my $source = rax; # Address to load from
my $start = rsi; # Start position in the zmm register
my $length = rdi; # Length of copy
Copy $source, $s; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm 0, $s; # Load a sample string
KeepFree $source;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
LoadZmmFromMemory 0, Increment(GetLengthOfShortString($start, 0)), Copy($length, 1), Copy($source, $t); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
LoadZmmFromMemory 0, $start, $length, $source;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
KeepFree $length;
LoadZmmFromMemory 0, $start, Minus($length, Copy(r13, 56), $start), $source; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
SetLengthOfShortString 0, sil; # Set current length of zmm0
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0, zmm0;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
xmm0: 0000 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010D
xmm0: 0001 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010D
xmm0: 0201 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010D
xmm0: 0201 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0138
zmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 2A29 2827 2625 2423 2221 201F 1E1D 1C1B 1A19 1817 1615 1413 1211 100F 0E0D 0C0B 0A09 0807 0605 0403 0201 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0138
ENDMaximumOfTwoRegisters($result, $first, $second)
Return in the specified register the value in the second register if it is greater than the value in the first register
Parameter Description
1 $result Result register
2 $first First register
3 $second Second registerExample:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 2;
PrintOutRegisterInHex MaximumOfTwoRegisters r15, rax, rdi; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex MinimumOfTwoRegisters r14, rax, rdi;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
r15: 0000 0000 0000 0002
r14: 0000 0000 0000 0001
ENDMinimumOfTwoRegisters($result, $first, $second)
Return in the specified register the value in the second register if it is less than the value in the first register
Parameter Description
1 $result Result register
2 $first First register
3 $second Second registerExample:
Mov rax, 1;
Mov rdi, 2;
PrintOutRegisterInHex MaximumOfTwoRegisters r15, rax, rdi;
PrintOutRegisterInHex MinimumOfTwoRegisters r14, rax, rdi; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
r15: 0000 0000 0000 0002
r14: 0000 0000 0000 0001
ENDIncrement($target, $amount)
Increment the specified register
Parameter Description
1 $target Target register
2 $amount Optional amount if not 1Decrement($target, $amount)
Decrement the specified register
Parameter Description
1 $target Target register
2 $amount Optional amount if not 1Plus($target, @source)
Add the last operands and place the result in the first operand
Parameter Description
1 $target Target register
2 @source Source registersExample:
Copy r15, 2;
Copy r14, 3;
KeepFree r15;
Plus(r15, r15, r14); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex r15;
Copy r13, 4;
Minus(r12, r15, r13);
PrintOutRegisterInHex r12;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
r15: 0000 0000 0000 0005
r12: 0000 0000 0000 0001
ENDMinus($target, $s1, $s2)
Subtract the third operand from the second operand and place the result in the first operand
Parameter Description
1 $target Target register
2 $s1 Register to subtract from
3 $s2 Register to subtractExample:
Copy r15, 2;
Copy r14, 3;
KeepFree r15;
Plus(r15, r15, r14);
PrintOutRegisterInHex r15;
Copy r13, 4;
Minus(r12, r15, r13); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex r12;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
r15: 0000 0000 0000 0005
r12: 0000 0000 0000 0001
ENDZmm
Operations on zmm registers
InsertIntoXyz($reg, $unit, $pos)
Shift and insert the specified word, double, quad from rax or the contents of xmm0 into the specified xyz register at the specified position shifting data above it to the left towards higher order bytes.
Parameter Description
1 $reg Register to insert into
2 $unit Width of insert
3 $pos Position of insert in units from least significant byte starting at 0Example:
my $s = Rb 0..63;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0,"[$s]"; # Number each byte
Vmovdqu8 ymm1,"[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 zmm2,"[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 zmm3,"[$s]";
SetRegisterToMinusOne rax; # Insert some ones
InsertIntoXyz xmm0, 2, 4; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
InsertIntoXyz ymm1, 4, 5; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
InsertIntoXyz zmm2, 8, 6; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0; # Print the insertions
PrintOutRegisterInHex ymm1;
PrintOutRegisterInHex zmm2;
ClearRegisters xmm0; # Insert some zeroes
InsertIntoXyz zmm3, 16, 2; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex zmm3;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0D0C 0B0A 0908 FFFF 0706 0504 0302 0100);
ok $r =~ m(ymm1: 1B1A 1918 1716 1514 FFFF FFFF 1312 1110 0F0E 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0100);
ok $r =~ m(zmm2: 3736 3534 3332 3130 FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF 2F2E 2D2C 2B2A 2928 2726 2524 2322 2120 1F1E 1D1C 1B1A 1918 1716 1514 1312 1110 0F0E 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0100);
ok $r =~ m(zmm3: 2F2E 2D2C 2B2A 2928 2726 2524 2322 2120 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1F1E 1D1C 1B1A 1918 1716 1514 1312 1110 0F0E 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0100);LoadTargetZmmFromSourceZmm($target, $targetOffset, $source, $sourceOffset, $length)
Load bytes into the numbered target zmm register at a register specified offset with source bytes from a numbered source zmm register at a specified register offset for a specified register length.
Parameter Description
1 $target Number of zmm register to load
2 $targetOffset Register containing start or 0 if from the start
3 $source Numbered source zmm register
4 $sourceOffset Register containing length
5 $length Optional offset from stack topExample:
my $s = Rb(17, 1..17);
LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm 0, $s; # Load a sample string
Keep zmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
LoadTargetZmmFromSourceZmm 1, Copy(rdi, 3), 0, Copy(rdx, 8), Copy(rsi, 2); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
KeepFree rdi;
LoadTargetZmmFromSourceZmm 2, Copy(rdi, 4), 0, rdx, rsi; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm2;
Copy(zmm3, zmm0);
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm3;
ClearRegisters zmm4;
Lea rax, "[$s+4]";
LoadZmmFromMemory 4, rdx, rsi, rax;
Sub rax, 4;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm4;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
xmm0: 0F0E 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0111
xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0009 0800 0000
xmm2: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0908 0000 0000
xmm3: 0F0E 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0111
xmm4: 0000 0000 0000 0504 0000 0000 0000 0000
END
my $s = Rb(13, 1..13);
my $t = Rb(1..64);
my $source = rax; # Address to load from
my $start = rsi; # Start position in the zmm register
my $length = rdi; # Length of copy
Copy $source, $s;
LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm 0, $s; # Load a sample string
KeepFree $source;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
LoadZmmFromMemory 0, Increment(GetLengthOfShortString($start, 0)), Copy($length, 1), Copy($source, $t);
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
LoadZmmFromMemory 0, $start, $length, $source;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
KeepFree $length;
LoadZmmFromMemory 0, $start, Minus($length, Copy(r13, 56), $start), $source;
SetLengthOfShortString 0, sil; # Set current length of zmm0
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0, zmm0;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
xmm0: 0000 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010D
xmm0: 0001 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010D
xmm0: 0201 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010D
xmm0: 0201 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0138
zmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 2A29 2827 2625 2423 2221 201F 1E1D 1C1B 1A19 1817 1615 1413 1211 100F 0E0D 0C0B 0A09 0807 0605 0403 0201 0D0C 0B0A 0908 0706 0504 0302 0138
ENDLoadZmmFromMemory($target, $targetOffset, $length, $source)
Load bytes into the numbered target zmm register at a register specified offset with source bytes from memory addressed by a specified register for a specified register length from memory addressed by a specified register.
Parameter Description
1 $target Number of zmm register to load
2 $targetOffset Register containing start or 0 if from the start
3 $length Register containing length
4 $source Register addressing memory to load fromStructured Programming
Structured programming constructs
If($jump, $then, $else)
If
Parameter Description
1 $jump Jump op code of variable
2 $then Then - required
3 $else Else - optionalExample:
Mov rax, 0;
Test rax,rax;
IfNz
{PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
} sub
{PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
};
KeepFree rax;
Mov rax, 1;
Test rax,rax;
IfNz
{PrintOutRegisterInHex rcx;
} sub
{PrintOutRegisterInHex rdx;
};
ok Assemble =~ m(rbx.*rcx)s;IfEq($then, $else)
If equal execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalIfNe($then, $else)
If not equal execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalIfNz($then, $else)
If not zero execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalIfLt($then, $else)
If less than execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalIfLe($then, $else)
If less than or equal execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalIfGt($then, $else)
If greater than execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalIfGe($then, $else)
If greater than or equal execute the then body else the else body
Parameter Description
1 $then Then - required
2 $else Else - optionalFor($body, $register, $limit, $increment)
For - iterate the body as long as register is less than limit incrementing by increment each time
Parameter Description
1 $body Body
2 $register Register
3 $limit Limit on loop
4 $increment Increment on each iterationExample:
For # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
{PrintOutRegisterInHex rax
} rax, 16, 1;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(( 0000){3} 0000)i;
ok $r =~ m(( 0000){3} 000F)i;ForIn($full, $last, $register, $limit, $increment)
For - iterate the body as long as register plus increment is less than than limit incrementing by increment each time
Parameter Description
1 $full Body for full block
2 $last Body for last block
3 $register Register
4 $limit Limit on loop
5 $increment Increment on each iterationForEver($body)
Iterate for ever
Parameter Description
1 $body Body to iterateMacro($body, %options)
Create a sub with optional parameters name=> the name of the subroutine so it can be reused rather than regenerated, comment=> a comment describing the sub
Parameter Description
1 $body Body
2 %options Options.Subroutine($body, %options)
Create a subroutine that can be called in assembler code
Parameter Description
1 $body Body
2 %options Options.Nasm::X86::Sub::call($sub, @parameters)
Call a sub passing it some parameters
Parameter Description
1 $sub Subroutine descriptor
2 @parameters Parameter variablescr($body, @registers)
Call a subroutine with a reordering of the registers.
Parameter Description
1 $body Code to execute with reordered registers
2 @registers Registers to reordercxr($body, @registers)
Call a subroutine with a reordering of the xmm registers.
Parameter Description
1 $body Code to execute with reordered registers
2 @registers Registers to reorderExample:
my $t = GenTree(2,2); # Tree description
$t->node->(); # Root
Movdqa xmm1, xmm0; # Root is in xmm1
if (1) # New left node
{$t->node->(); # Node in xmm0
Movdqa xmm2, xmm0; # Left is in xmm2
cxr {$t->insertLeft->()} 1,2; # Insert left under root # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
cxr {$t->dump->("Left")} 2; # Left node after insertion # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
}
if (1) # New right node in xmm0
{$t->node->();
Movdqa xmm3, xmm0; # Right is in xmm3
cxr {$t->insertRight->()} 1,3; # Insert left under root # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
cxr {$t->dump->("Right")} 3; # Right node after insertion # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
}
cxr # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
{$t->dump->("Root"); # Root node after insertions
$t->isRoot->();
IfNz {PrintOutStringNL "root"} sub {PrintOutStringNL "NOT root"};
} 1;
PushRR xmm0; # Dump underlying byte string
PopRR rdi, rax;
$t->byteString->dump;
Exit; # Return to operating system
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Test tree so produced
Left
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Right
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0150
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Root
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0010
up: 0000 0000 0000 0000
left: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
right: 0000 0000 0000 0150
root
Byte String
Size: 0000 0000 0000 1000
Used: 0000 0000 0000 01E0
ENDComment(@comment)
Insert a comment into the assembly code
Parameter Description
1 @comment Text of commentExample:
Comment "Print a string from memory"; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $s = "Hello World";
Mov rax, Rs($s);
Mov rdi, length $s;
PrintOutMemory;
ok Assemble =~ m(Hello World);DComment(@comment)
Insert a comment into the data segment
Parameter Description
1 @comment Text of commentRComment(@comment)
Insert a comment into the read only data segment
Parameter Description
1 @comment Text of commentPrintErrNL()
Print a new line to stderr
PrintErrString($string)
Print a constant string to stderr.
Parameter Description
1 $string StringPrintErrStringNL($string)
Print a new line to stderr
Parameter Description
1 $string StringExample:
PrintOutStringNL "Hello World";
PrintErrStringNL "Hello World"; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
Hello World
Hello World
ENDPrintOutNL()
Print a new line to stdout
Example:
my $q = Rs('abababab');
Mov(rax, "[$q]");
PrintOutString "rax: ";
PrintOutRaxInHex;
PrintOutNL; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Xor rax, rax;
PrintOutString "rax: ";
PrintOutRaxInHex;
PrintOutNL; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ok Assemble =~ m(rax: 6261 6261 6261 6261.*rax: 0000 0000 0000 0000)s;PrintOutString($string)
Print a constant string to sysout.
Parameter Description
1 $string StringPrintOutStringNL($string)
Print a constant string to sysout followed by new line
Parameter Description
1 $string StringExample:
PrintOutStringNL "Hello World"; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintErrStringNL "Hello World";
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
Hello World
Hello World
END
my $t = GenTree(2,2); # Tree description
$t->node->(); # Root
Movdqa xmm1, xmm0; # Root is in xmm1
if (1) # New left node
{$t->node->(); # Node in xmm0
Movdqa xmm2, xmm0; # Left is in xmm2
cxr {$t->insertLeft->()} 1,2; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Left")} 2; # Left node after insertion
}
if (1) # New right node in xmm0
{$t->node->();
Movdqa xmm3, xmm0; # Right is in xmm3
cxr {$t->insertRight->()} 1,3; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Right")} 3; # Right node after insertion
}
cxr
{$t->dump->("Root"); # Root node after insertions
$t->isRoot->();
IfNz {PrintOutStringNL "root"} sub {PrintOutStringNL "NOT root"}; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
} 1;
PushRR xmm0; # Dump underlying byte string
PopRR rdi, rax;
$t->byteString->dump;
Exit; # Return to operating system
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Test tree so produced
Left
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Right
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0150
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Root
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0010
up: 0000 0000 0000 0000
left: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
right: 0000 0000 0000 0150
root
Byte String
Size: 0000 0000 0000 1000
Used: 0000 0000 0000 01E0
ENDPrintOutRaxInHex()
Write the content of register rax to stderr in hexadecimal in big endian notation
Example:
my $q = Rs('abababab');
Mov(rax, "[$q]");
PrintOutString "rax: ";
PrintOutRaxInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutNL;
Xor rax, rax;
PrintOutString "rax: ";
PrintOutRaxInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutNL;
ok Assemble =~ m(rax: 6261 6261 6261 6261.*rax: 0000 0000 0000 0000)s;PrintOutRaxInReverseInHex()
Write the content of register rax to stderr in hexadecimal in little endian notation
Example:
Mov rax, 0x07654321;
Shl rax, 32;
Or rax, 0x07654321;
PushR rax;
PrintOutRaxInHex;
PrintOutNL;
PrintOutRaxInReverseInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutNL;
KeepFree rax;
Mov rax, rsp;
Mov rdi, 8;
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
PrintOutNL;
PopR rax;
KeepFree rax, rdi;
Mov rax, 4096;
PushR rax;
Mov rax, rsp;
Mov rdi, 8;
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
PrintOutNL;
PopR rax;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
0765 4321 0765 4321
2143 6507 2143 6507
2143 6507 2143 6507
0010 0000 0000 0000
ENDPrintOutRegisterInHex(@r)
Print any register as a hex string
Parameter Description
1 @r Name of the register to printExample:
my $q = Rs(('a'..'p')x4);
Mov r8,"[$q]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex r8; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ok Assemble =~ m(r8: 6867 6665 6463 6261)s;PrintOutRegistersInHex()
Print the general purpose registers in hex
Example:
my $q = Rs('abababab');
Mov(rax, 1);
Mov(rbx, 2);
Mov(rcx, 3);
Mov(rdx, 4);
Mov(r8, 5);
Lea r9, "[rax+rbx]";
PrintOutRegistersInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m( r8: 0000 0000 0000 0005.* r9: 0000 0000 0000 0003.*rax: 0000 0000 0000 0001)s;
ok $r =~ m(rbx: 0000 0000 0000 0002.*rcx: 0000 0000 0000 0003.*rdx: 0000 0000 0000 0004)s;PrintOutZF()
Print the zero flag without disturbing it
Example:
SetZF;
PrintOutZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ClearZF;
PrintOutZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
SetZF;
PrintOutZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
SetZF;
PrintOutZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ClearZF;
PrintOutZF; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ok Assemble =~ m(ZF=1.*ZF=0.*ZF=1.*ZF=1.*ZF=0)s;Variables
Variable definitions and operations
Scopes
Each variable is contained in a scope in an effort to detect references to out of scope variables
Scope($name)
Create and stack a new scope and continue with it as the current scope
Parameter Description
1 $name Scope nameExample:
if (1)
{my $start = Scope(start); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $s1 = Scope(s1); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $s2 = Scope(s2); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply $s2->depth, 2;
is_deeply $s2->name, q(s2);
ScopeEnd;
my $t1 = Scope(t1); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $t2 = Scope(t2); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply $t1->depth, 2;
is_deeply $t1->name, q(t1);
is_deeply $t2->depth, 3;
is_deeply $t2->name, q(t2);
ok $s1->currentlyVisible;
ok !$s2->currentlyVisible;
ok $s1->contains($t2);
ok !$s2->contains($t2);
ScopeEnd;
is_deeply $s1->depth, 1;
is_deeply $s1->name, q(s1);
ScopeEnd;
}ScopeEnd()
End the current scope and continue with the containing parent scope
Example:
if (1)
{my $start = Scope(start);
my $s1 = Scope(s1);
my $s2 = Scope(s2);
is_deeply $s2->depth, 2;
is_deeply $s2->name, q(s2);
ScopeEnd; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $t1 = Scope(t1);
my $t2 = Scope(t2);
is_deeply $t1->depth, 2;
is_deeply $t1->name, q(t1);
is_deeply $t2->depth, 3;
is_deeply $t2->name, q(t2);
ok $s1->currentlyVisible;
ok !$s2->currentlyVisible;
ok $s1->contains($t2);
ok !$s2->contains($t2);
ScopeEnd; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply $s1->depth, 1;
is_deeply $s1->name, q(s1);
ScopeEnd; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
}Scope::contains($parent, $child)
Check that the named parent scope contains the specified child scope. If no child scope is supplied we use the current scope to check that the parent scope is currently visible
Parameter Description
1 $parent Parent scope
2 $child Child scopeExample:
if (1)
{my $start = Scope(start);
my $s1 = Scope(s1);
my $s2 = Scope(s2);
is_deeply $s2->depth, 2;
is_deeply $s2->name, q(s2);
ScopeEnd;
my $t1 = Scope(t1);
my $t2 = Scope(t2);
is_deeply $t1->depth, 2;
is_deeply $t1->name, q(t1);
is_deeply $t2->depth, 3;
is_deeply $t2->name, q(t2);
ok $s1->currentlyVisible;
ok !$s2->currentlyVisible;
ok $s1->contains($t2);
ok !$s2->contains($t2);
ScopeEnd;
is_deeply $s1->depth, 1;
is_deeply $s1->name, q(s1);
ScopeEnd;
}Scope::currentlyVisible($scope)
Check that the named parent scope is currently visible
Parameter Description
1 $scope Scope to check for visibilityExample:
if (1)
{my $start = Scope(start);
my $s1 = Scope(s1);
my $s2 = Scope(s2);
is_deeply $s2->depth, 2;
is_deeply $s2->name, q(s2);
ScopeEnd;
my $t1 = Scope(t1);
my $t2 = Scope(t2);
is_deeply $t1->depth, 2;
is_deeply $t1->name, q(t1);
is_deeply $t2->depth, 3;
is_deeply $t2->name, q(t2);
ok $s1->currentlyVisible;
ok !$s2->currentlyVisible;
ok $s1->contains($t2);
ok !$s2->contains($t2);
ScopeEnd;
is_deeply $s1->depth, 1;
is_deeply $s1->name, q(s1);
ScopeEnd;
}Definitions
Variable definitions
Variable($size, $name, $expr)
Create a new variable with the specified size and name initialized via an expression
Parameter Description
1 $size Size as a power of 2
2 $name Name of variable
3 $expr Optional expression initializing variableVb($name, $expr)
Define a byte variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 $expr Initializing expressionVw($name, $expr)
Define a word variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 $expr Initializing expressionVd($name, $expr)
Define a double word variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 $expr Initializing expressionVq($name, $expr)
Define a quad variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 $expr Initializing expressionExample:
my $a = Vq(a, 3); $a->print; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $c = $a + 2; $c->print;
my $d = $c - $a; $d->print;
my $e = $d == 2; $e->print;
my $f = $d != 2; $f->print;
my $g = $a * 2; $g->print;
my $h = $g / 2; $h->print;
my $i = $a % 2; $i->print;
If ($a == 3, sub{PrintOutStringNL "a == 3"});
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
0300 0000 0000 0000
0500 0000 0000 0000
0200 0000 0000 0000
0100 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000
0600 0000 0000 0000
0300 0000 0000 0000
0100 0000 0000 0000
a == 3
ENDVxyzInit($var, @expr)
Initialize an xyz register from general purpose registers
Parameter Description
1 $var Variable
2 @expr Initializing general purpose registers or undefVx($name, @expr)
Define an xmm variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 @expr Initializing expressionVy($name, @expr)
Define an ymm variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 @expr Initializing expressionVz($name, @expr)
Define an zmm variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 @expr Initializing expressionVr($name, $size)
Define a reference variable
Parameter Description
1 $name Name of variable
2 $size Variable being referencedOperations
Variable operations
Nasm::X86::Variable::address($left, $offset)
Get the address of a variable with an optional offset
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $offset Optional offsetNasm::X86::Variable::copy($left, $right)
Copy one variable into another
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::copyRef($left, $right)
Copy one variable into an referenced variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::copyAddress($left, $right)
Copy a reference to a variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::equals($op, $left, $right)
Equals operator
Parameter Description
1 $op Operator
2 $left Left variable
3 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::assign($left, $op, $right)
Assign to the left hand side the value of the right hand side
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $op Operator
3 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::plusAssign($left, $right)
Implement plus and assign
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::minusAssign($left, $right)
Implement minus and assign
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::arithmetic($op, $name, $left, $right)
Return a variable containing the result of an arithmetic operation on the left hand and right hand side variables
Parameter Description
1 $op Operator
2 $name Operator name
3 $left Left variable
4 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::add($left, $right)
Add the right hand variable to the left hand variable and return the result as a new variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::sub($left, $right)
Subtract the right hand variable from the left hand variable and return the result as a new variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::times($left, $right)
Multiply the left hand variable by the right hand variable and return the result as a new variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::division($op, $left, $right)
Return a variable containing the result or the remainder that occurs when the left hand side is divided by the right hand side
Parameter Description
1 $op Operator
2 $left Left variable
3 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::divide($left, $right)
Divide the left hand variable by the right hand variable and return the result as a new variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::mod($left, $right)
Divide the left hand variable by the right hand variable and return the remainder as a new variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::boolean($sub, $op, $left, $right)
Combine the left hand variable with the right hand variable via a boolean operator
Parameter Description
1 $sub Operator
2 $op Operator name
3 $left Left variable
4 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::eq($left, $right)
Check whether the left hand variable is equal to the right hand variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::ne($left, $right)
Check whether the left hand variable is not equal to the right hand variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::ge($left, $right)
Check whether the left hand variable is greater than or equal to the right hand variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::gt($left, $right)
Check whether the left hand variable is greater than the right hand variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::le($left, $right)
Check whether the left hand variable is less than or equal to the right hand variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::lt($left, $right)
Check whether the left hand variable is less than the right hand variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::print($left)
Write the value of a variable on stdout
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variableNasm::X86::Variable::dump($left, $title)
Dump the value of a variable on stdout
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $title Optional titleNasm::X86::Variable::debug($left)
Dump the value of a variable on stdout with an indication of where the dump came from
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variableNasm::X86::Variable::isRef($variable)
Check whether the specified variable is a reference to another variable
Parameter Description
1 $variable VariableNasm::X86::Variable::setReg($variable, $register, @registers)
Set the named registers from the content of the variable
Parameter Description
1 $variable Variable
2 $register Register to load
3 @registers Optional further registers to loadNasm::X86::Variable::getReg($variable, $register, @registers)
Load the variable from the named registers
Parameter Description
1 $variable Variable
2 $register Register to load
3 @registers Optional further registers to load fromNasm::X86::Variable::incDec($left, $op)
Increment or decrement a variable
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable operator
2 $op Address of operator to perform inc or decNasm::X86::Variable::inc($left)
Increment a variable
Parameter Description
1 $left VariableNasm::X86::Variable::dec($left)
Decrement a variable
Parameter Description
1 $left VariableNasm::X86::Variable::str($left)
The name of the variable
Parameter Description
1 $left VariableNasm::X86::Variable::min($left, $right)
Minimum of two variables
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::max($left, $right)
Maximum of two variables
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::and($left, $right)
And two variables
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::or($left, $right)
Or two variables
Parameter Description
1 $left Left variable
2 $right Right variableNasm::X86::Variable::setMask($start, $length, $mask)
Set the mask register to ones starting at the specified position for the specified length and zeroes elsewhere
Parameter Description
1 $start Variable containing start of mask
2 $length Variable containing length of mask
3 $mask Mask registerNasm::X86::Variable::setZmm($source, $zmm, $offset, $length)
Load bytes from the memory addressed by specified source variable into the numbered zmm register at the offset in the specified offset moving the number of bytes in the specified variable
Parameter Description
1 $source Variable containing the address of the source
2 $zmm Number of zmm to load
3 $offset Variable containing offset in zmm to move to
4 $length Variable containing length of moveNasm::X86::Variable::loadZmm($source, $zmm)
Load bytes from the memory addressed by the specified source variable into the numbered zmm register.
Parameter Description
1 $source Variable containing the address of the source
2 $zmm Number of zmm to getNasm::X86::Variable::saveZmm($target, $zmm)
Save bytes into the memory addressed by the target variable from the numbered zmm register.
Parameter Description
1 $target Variable containing the address of the source
2 $zmm Number of zmm to putgetBwdqFromMmAsVariable($size, $mm, $offset)
Get the numbered byte|word|double word|quad word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $size Size of get
2 $mm Register
3 $offset Offset in bytesgetBFromXmmAsVariable($xmm, $offset)
Get the byte from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $xmm Numbered xmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesgetWFromXmmAsVariable($xmm, $offset)
Get the word from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $xmm Numbered xmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesgetDFromXmmAsVariable($xmm, $offset)
Get the double word from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $xmm Numbered xmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesgetQFromXmmAsVariable($xmm, $offset)
Get the quad word from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $xmm Numbered xmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesgetBFromZmmAsVariable($zmm, $offset)
Get the byte from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Numbered zmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesgetWFromZmmAsVariable($zmm, $offset)
Get the word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Numbered zmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesgetDFromZmmAsVariable($zmm, $offset)
Get the double word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Numbered zmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesExample:
my $s = Rb(0..8);
my $c = Vq("Content", "[$s]");
$c->putBIntoZmm(0, 4);
$c->putWIntoZmm(0, 6);
$c->putDIntoZmm(0, 10);
$c->putQIntoZmm(0, 16);
PrintOutRegisterInHex zmm0;
getBFromZmmAsVariable(0, 12)->dump;
getWFromZmmAsVariable(0, 12)->dump;
getDFromZmmAsVariable(0, 12)->dump; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
getQFromZmmAsVariable(0, 12)->dump;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
zmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0706 0504 0302 0100 0000 0302 0100 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000
b at offset 12 in zmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0002
w at offset 12 in zmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0302
d at offset 12 in zmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0302
q at offset 12 in zmm0: 0302 0100 0000 0302
ENDgetQFromZmmAsVariable($zmm, $offset)
Get the quad word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Numbered zmm
2 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putBwdqIntoMm($content, $size, $mm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the byte|word|double word|quad word in the numbered zmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $size Size of put
3 $mm Numbered zmm
4 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putBIntoXmm($content, $xmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the byte in the numbered xmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $xmm Numbered xmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putWIntoXmm($content, $xmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the word in the numbered xmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $xmm Numbered xmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putDIntoXmm($content, $xmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the double word in the numbered xmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $xmm Numbered xmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putQIntoXmm($content, $xmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the quad word in the numbered xmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $xmm Numbered xmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putBIntoZmm($content, $zmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the byte in the numbered zmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $zmm Numbered zmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putWIntoZmm($content, $zmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the word in the numbered zmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $zmm Numbered zmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putDIntoZmm($content, $zmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the double word in the numbered zmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $zmm Numbered zmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::putQIntoZmm($content, $zmm, $offset)
Place the value of the content variable at the quad word in the numbered zmm register
Parameter Description
1 $content Variable with content
2 $zmm Numbered zmm
3 $offset Offset in bytesNasm::X86::Variable::clearMemory($memory)
Clear the memory described in this variable
Parameter Description
1 $memory Variable describing memory as returned by Allocate MemoryNasm::X86::Variable::copyMemoryFrom($target, $source)
Copy from one block of memory to another
Parameter Description
1 $target Variable describing the target
2 $source Variable describing the sourceNasm::X86::Variable::printOutMemoryInHex($memory)
Print allocated memory in hex
Parameter Description
1 $memory Variable describing the memoryNasm::X86::Variable::freeMemory($memory)
Free the memory described in this variable
Parameter Description
1 $memory Variable describing memory as returned by Allocate MemoryNasm::X86::Variable::for($limit, $body)
Iterate the body from 0 limit times.
Parameter Description
1 $limit Limit
2 $body BodyProcesses
Create and manage processes
Fork()
Fork
Example:
Fork; # Fork # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Test rax,rax;
IfNz # Parent
{Mov rbx, rax;
WaitPid;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Pid of parent as seen in parent
Mov rcx,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rcx;
}
sub # Child
{Mov r8,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r8;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Child pid as seen in child
Mov r9,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r9;
KeepFree rax;
GetPPid; # Parent pid as seen in child
Mov r10,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r10;
};
my $r = Assemble;
# r8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 #1 Return from fork as seen by child
# r9: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #2 Pid of child
# r10: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #3 Pid of parent from child
# rax: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #4 Return from fork as seen by parent
# rbx: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #5 Wait for child pid result
# rcx: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #6 Pid of parent
if ($r =~ m(r8:( 0000){4}.*r9:(.*)\s{5,}r10:(.*)\s{5,}rax:(.*)\s{5,}rbx:(.*)\s{5,}rcx:(.*)\s{2,})s)
{ok $2 eq $4;
ok $2 eq $5;
ok $3 eq $6;
ok $2 gt $6;
}GetPid()
Get process identifier
Example:
Fork; # Fork
Test rax,rax;
IfNz # Parent
{Mov rbx, rax;
WaitPid;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Pid of parent as seen in parent # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rcx,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rcx;
}
sub # Child
{Mov r8,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r8;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Child pid as seen in child # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov r9,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r9;
KeepFree rax;
GetPPid; # Parent pid as seen in child
Mov r10,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r10;
};
my $r = Assemble;
# r8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 #1 Return from fork as seen by child
# r9: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #2 Pid of child
# r10: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #3 Pid of parent from child
# rax: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #4 Return from fork as seen by parent
# rbx: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #5 Wait for child pid result
# rcx: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #6 Pid of parent
if ($r =~ m(r8:( 0000){4}.*r9:(.*)\s{5,}r10:(.*)\s{5,}rax:(.*)\s{5,}rbx:(.*)\s{5,}rcx:(.*)\s{2,})s)
{ok $2 eq $4;
ok $2 eq $5;
ok $3 eq $6;
ok $2 gt $6;
}GetPidInHex()
Get process identifier in hex as 8 zero terminated bytes in rax
Example:
GetPidInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
ok Assemble =~ m(rax: 00);GetPPid()
Get parent process identifier
Example:
Fork; # Fork
Test rax,rax;
IfNz # Parent
{Mov rbx, rax;
WaitPid;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Pid of parent as seen in parent
Mov rcx,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rcx;
}
sub # Child
{Mov r8,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r8;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Child pid as seen in child
Mov r9,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r9;
KeepFree rax;
GetPPid; # Parent pid as seen in child # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov r10,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r10;
};
my $r = Assemble;
# r8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 #1 Return from fork as seen by child
# r9: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #2 Pid of child
# r10: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #3 Pid of parent from child
# rax: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #4 Return from fork as seen by parent
# rbx: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #5 Wait for child pid result
# rcx: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #6 Pid of parent
if ($r =~ m(r8:( 0000){4}.*r9:(.*)\s{5,}r10:(.*)\s{5,}rax:(.*)\s{5,}rbx:(.*)\s{5,}rcx:(.*)\s{2,})s)
{ok $2 eq $4;
ok $2 eq $5;
ok $3 eq $6;
ok $2 gt $6;
}GetUid()
Get userid of current process
Example:
GetUid; # Userid # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(rax:( 0000){3});WaitPid()
Wait for the pid in rax to complete
Example:
Fork; # Fork
Test rax,rax;
IfNz # Parent
{Mov rbx, rax;
WaitPid; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Pid of parent as seen in parent
Mov rcx,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rcx;
}
sub # Child
{Mov r8,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r8;
KeepFree rax;
GetPid; # Child pid as seen in child
Mov r9,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r9;
KeepFree rax;
GetPPid; # Parent pid as seen in child
Mov r10,rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex r10;
};
my $r = Assemble;
# r8: 0000 0000 0000 0000 #1 Return from fork as seen by child
# r9: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #2 Pid of child
# r10: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #3 Pid of parent from child
# rax: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #4 Return from fork as seen by parent
# rbx: 0000 0000 0003 0C63 #5 Wait for child pid result
# rcx: 0000 0000 0003 0C60 #6 Pid of parent
if ($r =~ m(r8:( 0000){4}.*r9:(.*)\s{5,}r10:(.*)\s{5,}rax:(.*)\s{5,}rbx:(.*)\s{5,}rcx:(.*)\s{2,})s)
{ok $2 eq $4;
ok $2 eq $5;
ok $3 eq $6;
ok $2 gt $6;
}ReadTimeStampCounter()
Read the time stamp counter and return the time in nanoseconds in rax
Example:
for(1..10)
{ReadTimeStampCounter; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
}
my @s = split /
/, Assemble;
my @S = sort @s;
is_deeply \@s, \@S;Stack
Manage data on the stack
Push, Pop, Peek
Generic versions of push, pop, peek
PushRR(@r)
Push registers onto the stack without tracking
Parameter Description
1 @r RegisterPushR(@r)
Push registers onto the stack
Parameter Description
1 @r RegisterExample:
Mov rax, 0x11111111;
Mov rbx, 0x22222222;
PushR my @save = (rax, rbx); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Mov rax, 0x33333333;
PopR @save;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
is_deeply Assemble,<<END;
rax: 0000 0000 1111 1111
rbx: 0000 0000 2222 2222
ENDPopRR(@r)
Pop registers from the stack without tracking
Parameter Description
1 @r RegisterPopR(@r)
Pop registers from the stack
Parameter Description
1 @r RegisterExample:
Mov rax, 0x11111111;
Mov rbx, 0x22222222;
PushR my @save = (rax, rbx);
Mov rax, 0x33333333;
PopR @save; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
PrintOutRegisterInHex rbx;
is_deeply Assemble,<<END;
rax: 0000 0000 1111 1111
rbx: 0000 0000 2222 2222
ENDPeekR($r)
Peek at register on stack
Parameter Description
1 $r RegisterDeclarations
Declare variables and structures
Structures
Declare a structure
Structure()
Create a structure addressed by a register
Structure::field($structure, $length, $comment)
Add a field of the specified length with an optional comment
Parameter Description
1 $structure Structure data descriptor
2 $length Length of data
3 $comment Optional commentStructureField::addr($field, $register)
Address a field in a structure by either the default register or the named register
Parameter Description
1 $field Field
2 $register Optional address register else raxAll8Structure($N)
Create a structure consisting of 8 byte fields
Parameter Description
1 $N Number of variables requiredStack Frame
Declare local variables in a frame on the stack
LocalData()
Map local data
LocalData::start($local)
Start a local data area on the stack
Parameter Description
1 $local Local data descriptorLocalData::free($local)
Free a local data area on the stack
Parameter Description
1 $local Local data descriptorLocalData::variable($local, $length, $comment)
Add a local variable
Parameter Description
1 $local Local data descriptor
2 $length Length of data
3 $comment Optional commentLocalVariable::stack($variable)
Address a local variable on the stack
Parameter Description
1 $variable VariableLocalData::allocate8($local, @comments)
Add some 8 byte local variables and return an array of variable definitions
Parameter Description
1 $local Local data descriptor
2 @comments Optional commentAllocateAll8OnStack($N)
Create a local data descriptor consisting of the specified number of 8 byte local variables and return an array: (local data descriptor, variable definitions...)
Parameter Description
1 $N Number of variables requiredMemory
Allocate and print memory
PrintOutMemoryInHex()
Dump memory from the address in rax for the length in rdi
Example:
Mov rax, 0x07654321;
Shl rax, 32;
Or rax, 0x07654321;
PushR rax;
PrintOutRaxInHex;
PrintOutNL;
PrintOutRaxInReverseInHex;
PrintOutNL;
KeepFree rax;
Mov rax, rsp;
Mov rdi, 8;
PrintOutMemoryInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutNL;
PopR rax;
KeepFree rax, rdi;
Mov rax, 4096;
PushR rax;
Mov rax, rsp;
Mov rdi, 8;
PrintOutMemoryInHex; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutNL;
PopR rax;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
0765 4321 0765 4321
2143 6507 2143 6507
2143 6507 2143 6507
0010 0000 0000 0000
ENDPrintOutMemoryInHexNL()
Dump memory from the address in rax for the length in rdi and then print a new line
PrintOutMemory()
Print the memory addressed by rax for a length of rdi::
Example:
Comment "Print a string from memory";
my $s = "Hello World";
Mov rax, Rs($s);
Mov rdi, length $s;
PrintOutMemory; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ok Assemble =~ m(Hello World);PrintOutMemoryNL()
Print the memory addressed by rax for a length of rdi followed by a new line
AllocateMemory(@variables)
Allocate the specified amount of memory via mmap and return its address
Parameter Description
1 @variables ParametersExample:
my $N = Vq(size, 2048);
my $q = Rs('a'..'p');
AllocateMemory($N, my $address = Vq(address)); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$address->dump;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$q]";
$address->setReg(rax);
Vmovdqu8 "[rax]", xmm0;
Mov rdi, 16;
PrintOutMemory;
PrintOutNL;
FreeMemory(address => $address, size=> $N);
ok Assemble =~ m(address: 0000.*abcdefghijklmnop)s;
my $N = Vq(size, 4096); # Size of the initial allocation which should be one or more pages
AllocateMemory($N, my $A = Vq(address)); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$A->dump;
ClearMemory($N, $A);
$A->setReg(rax);
$N->setReg(rdi);
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
FreeMemory($N, $A);
my $r = Assemble;
if ($r =~ m((0000.*0000))s)
{is_deeply length($1), 9748;
}
my $N = 256;
my $s = Rb 0..$N-1;
AllocateMemory(Vq(size, $N), my $a = Vq(address)); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
CopyMemory(Vq(source, $s), Vq(size, $N), target => $a);
AllocateMemory(Vq(size, $N), my $b = Vq(address)); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
CopyMemory(source => $a, target => $b, Vq(size, $N));
$b->setReg(rax);
Mov rdi, $N;
PrintOutMemoryInHexNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
0001 0203 0405 06070809 0A0B 0C0D 0E0F1011 1213 1415 16171819 1A1B 1C1D 1E1F2021 2223 2425 26272829 2A2B 2C2D 2E2F3031 3233 3435 36373839 3A3B 3C3D 3E3F4041 4243 4445 46474849 4A4B 4C4D 4E4F5051 5253 5455 56575859 5A5B 5C5D 5E5F6061 6263 6465 66676869 6A6B 6C6D 6E6F7071 7273 7475 76777879 7A7B 7C7D 7E7F8081 8283 8485 86878889 8A8B 8C8D 8E8F9091 9293 9495 96979899 9A9B 9C9D 9E9FA0A1 A2A3 A4A5 A6A7A8A9 AAAB ACAD AEAFB0B1 B2B3 B4B5 B6B7B8B9 BABB BCBD BEBFC0C1 C2C3 C4C5 C6C7C8C9 CACB CCCD CECFD0D1 D2D3 D4D5 D6D7D8D9 DADB DCDD DEDFE0E1 E2E3 E4E5 E6E7E8E9 EAEB ECED EEEFF0F1 F2F3 F4F5 F6F7F8F9 FAFB FCFD FEFF
ENDFreeMemory(@variables)
Free memory
Parameter Description
1 @variables VariablesExample:
my $N = Vq(size, 4096); # Size of the initial allocation which should be one or more pages
AllocateMemory($N, my $A = Vq(address));
$A->dump;
ClearMemory($N, $A);
$A->setReg(rax);
$N->setReg(rdi);
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
FreeMemory($N, $A); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $r = Assemble;
if ($r =~ m((0000.*0000))s)
{is_deeply length($1), 9748;
}ClearMemory(@variables)
Clear memory - the address of the memory is in rax, the length in rdi
Parameter Description
1 @variables VariablesExample:
my $N = Vq(size, 4096); # Size of the initial allocation which should be one or more pages
AllocateMemory($N, my $A = Vq(address));
$A->dump;
ClearMemory($N, $A); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$A->setReg(rax);
$N->setReg(rdi);
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
FreeMemory($N, $A);
my $r = Assemble;
if ($r =~ m((0000.*0000))s)
{is_deeply length($1), 9748;
}CopyMemory(@variables)
Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Parameter Description
1 @variables VariablesExample:
my $s = Rb 0; Rb 1; Rw 2; Rd 3; Rq 4;
my $t = Db 0; Db 1; Dw 2; Dd 3; Dq 4;
Vmovdqu8 xmm0, "[$s]";
Vmovdqu8 xmm1, "[$t]";
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
Sub rsp, 16;
Mov rax, rsp; # Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
Mov rdi, 16;
Mov rsi, $s;
CopyMemory(Vq(source, rsi), Vq(target, rax), Vq(size, rdi)); # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutMemoryInHex;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0004 0000 0003 0002 0100);
ok $r =~ m(0001 0200 0300 00000400 0000 0000 0000);Files
Process a file
OpenRead()
Open a file, whose name is addressed by rax, for read and return the file descriptor in rax
Example:
Mov rax, Rs($0); # File to read
OpenRead; # Open file # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
CloseFile; # Close file
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
KeepFree rax, rdi;
Mov rax, Rs(my $f = "zzzTemporaryFile.txt"); # File to write
OpenWrite; # Open file
CloseFile; # Close file
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0000
END
ok -e $f; # Created file
unlink $f;OpenWrite()
Create the file named by the terminated string addressed by rax for write
Example:
Mov rax, Rs($0); # File to read
OpenRead; # Open file
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
CloseFile; # Close file
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
KeepFree rax, rdi;
Mov rax, Rs(my $f = "zzzTemporaryFile.txt"); # File to write
OpenWrite; # Open file # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
CloseFile; # Close file
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0000
END
ok -e $f; # Created file
unlink $f;CloseFile()
Close the file whose descriptor is in rax
Example:
Mov rax, Rs($0); # File to read
OpenRead; # Open file
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
CloseFile; # Close file # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
KeepFree rax, rdi;
Mov rax, Rs(my $f = "zzzTemporaryFile.txt"); # File to write
OpenWrite; # Open file
CloseFile; # Close file # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0003
rax: 0000 0000 0000 0000
END
ok -e $f; # Created file
unlink $f;StatSize()
Stat a file whose name is addressed by rax to get its size in rax
Example:
Mov rax, Rs($0); # File to stat
StatSize; # Stat the file # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex rax;
my $r = Assemble =~ s( ) ()gsr;
if ($r =~ m(rax:([0-9a-f]{16}))is) # Compare file size obtained with that from fileSize()
{is_deeply $1, sprintf("%016X", fileSize($0));
}ReadFile(@variables)
Read a file whose name is addressed by rax into memory. The address of the mapped memory and its length are returned in registers rax,rdi
Parameter Description
1 @variables VariablesExample:
ReadFile(Vq(file, Rs($0)), (my $s = Vq(size)), my $a = Vq(address)); # Read file # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->setReg(rax); # Address of file in memory
$s->setReg(rdi); # Length of file in memory
PrintOutMemory; # Print contents of memory to stdout
my $r = Assemble(1 => (my $f = temporaryFile)); # Assemble and execute
ok fileMd5Sum($f) eq fileMd5Sum($0); # Output contains this fileShort Strings
Operations on Short Strings
LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm2($zmm)
Load the short string addressed by rax into the zmm register with the specified number
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Zmm register to loadLoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm($zmm, $address)
Load the short string addressed by rax into the zmm register with the specified number
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Zmm register to load
2 $address Address of string in memoryExample:
my $s = Rb(3, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03);
my $t = Rb(7, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a);
LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm 0, $s; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm 1, $t; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
ConcatenateShortStrings(0, 1);
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm0;
PrintOutRegisterInHex xmm1;
my $r = Assemble;
ok $r =~ m(xmm0: 0000 0000 000A 0908 0706 0504 0302 010A);
ok $r =~ m(xmm1: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0A09 0807 0605 0407);GetLengthOfShortString($reg, $zmm)
Get the length of the short string held in the numbered zmm register into the specified register
Parameter Description
1 $reg Register to hold length
2 $zmm Number of zmm register containing stringSetLengthOfShortString($zmm, $reg)
Set the length of the short string held in the numbered zmm register into the specified register
Parameter Description
1 $zmm Number of zmm register containing string
2 $reg Register to hold lengthConcatenateShortStrings($left, $right)
Concatenate the numbered source zmm containing a short string with the short string in the numbered target zmm.
Parameter Description
1 $left Target zmm
2 $right Source zmmHash functions
Hash functions
Hash()
Hash a string addressed by rax with length held in rdi and return the hash code in r15
Example:
Mov rax, "[rbp+24]";
Cstrlen; # Length of string to hash
Mov rdi, r15;
Hash(); # Hash string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex r15;
my $e = Assemble keep=>'hash'; # Assemble to the specified file name
ok qx($e "") =~ m(r15: 0000 3F80 0000 3F80); # Test well known hashes
ok qx($e "a") =~ m(r15: 0000 3F80 C000 45B2);
if (0 and $develop) # Hash various strings # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
{my %r; my %f; my $count = 0;
my $N = RegisterSize zmm0;
if (1) # Fixed blocks
{for my $l(qw(a ab abc abcd), 'a a', 'a a')
{for my $i(1..$N)
{my $t = $l x $i;
last if $N < length $t;
my $s = substr($t.(' ' x $N), 0, $N);
next if $f{$s}++;
my $r = qx($e "$s");
say STDERR "$count $r";
if ($r =~ m(^.*r15:\s*(.*)$)m)
{push $r{$1}->@*, $s;
++$count;
}
}
}
}
if (1) # Variable blocks
{for my $l(qw(a ab abc abcd), '', 'a a', 'a a')
{for my $i(1..$N)
{my $t = $l x $i;
next if $f{$t}++;
my $r = qx($e "$t");
say STDERR "$count $r";
if ($r =~ m(^.*r15:\s*(.*)$)m)
{push $r{$1}->@*, $t;
++$count;
}
}
}
}
for my $r(keys %r)
{delete $r{$r} if $r{$r}->@* < 2;
}
say STDERR dump(\%r);
say STDERR "Keys hashed: ", $count;
confess "Duplicates : ", scalar keys(%r);
}Byte Strings
Operations on Byte Strings
Cstrlen()
Length of the C style string addressed by rax returning the length in r15
Example:
my $s = Rs("abcd");
Mov rax, $s;
Cstrlen; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
PrintOutRegisterInHex r15;
ok Assemble =~ m(r15: 0000 0000 0000 0004);CreateByteString(%options)
Create an relocatable string of bytes in an arena and returns its address in rax. Optionally add a chain header so that 64 byte blocks of memory can be freed and reused within the byte string.
Parameter Description
1 %options Free=>1 adds a free chain.Example:
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->q('aa');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
bb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->q('aa');
$a->q('AA');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAA
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->q('AA');
$b->q('BB');
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAAaabbBBbb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->q('ab');
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create target byte string # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$a->bs(r15);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$b->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$a->length(my $sa = Vq(size)); $sa->dump;
$b->length(my $sb = Vq(size)); $sb->dump;
$a->clear;
$a->length(my $sA = Vq(size)); $sA->dump;
$b->length(my $sB = Vq(size)); $sB->dump;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
abababababababab
ababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab
size: 0000 0000 0000 0010
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
size: 0000 0000 0000 0000
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
ENDByteString::length($byteString, @variables)
Get the length of a byte string
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesByteString::makeReadOnly($byteString)
Make a byte string read only
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a byte string
$s->q("Hello"); # Write data to byte string
$s->makeReadOnly; # Make byte string read only - tested above
$s->makeWriteable; # Make byte string writable again
$s->q(" World"); # Try to write to byte string
$s->out;
ok Assemble =~ m(Hello World);ByteString::makeWriteable($byteString)
Make a byte string writable
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a byte string
$s->q("Hello"); # Write data to byte string
$s->makeReadOnly; # Make byte string read only - tested above
$s->makeWriteable; # Make byte string writable again
$s->q(" World"); # Try to write to byte string
$s->out;
ok Assemble =~ m(Hello World);ByteString::allocate($byteString, @variables)
Allocate the amount of space indicated in rdi in the byte string addressed by rax and return the offset of the allocation in the arena in rdi
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a byte string
$s->allocate(Vq(size, 0x20), my $o1 = Vq(offset)); # Allocate space wanted
$s->allocate(Vq(size, 0x30), my $o2 = Vq(offset));
$s->allocate(Vq(size, 0x10), my $o3 = Vq(offset));
$o1->dump;
$o2->dump;
$o3->dump;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
offset: 0000 0000 0000 0018
offset: 0000 0000 0000 0038
offset: 0000 0000 0000 0068
ENDByteString::m($byteString, @variables)
Append the content with length rdi addressed by rsi to the byte string addressed by rax
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesByteString::q($byteString, $string)
Append a constant string to the byte string
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 $string StringExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$s->read(Vq(file, Rs($0)));
$s->out;
my $r = Assemble(1 => my $f = temporaryFile);
is_deeply fileMd5Sum($f), fileMd5Sum($0); # Output contains this file
unlink $f;ByteString::ql($byteString, $const)
Append a quoted string containing new line characters to the byte string addressed by rax
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string
2 $const ConstantExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$s->ql(<<END); # Write code to execute
#!/usr/bin/bash
whoami
ls -la
pwd
END
$s->write (my $f = Vq('file', Rs("zzz.sh"))); # Write code to a file
executeFileViaBash($f); # Execute the file
unlinkFile ($f); # Delete the file
my $u = qx(whoami); chomp($u);
ok Assemble(emulator=>0) =~ m($u); # The Intel Software Development Emulator is way too slow on these operations.ByteString::char($byteString, $char)
Append a character expressed as a decimal number to the byte string addressed by rax
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 $char Number of character to be appendedByteString::nl($byteString)
Append a new line to the byte string addressed by rax
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
bb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$a->q('AA');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAA
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->q('AA');
$b->q('BB');
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAAaabbBBbb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('ab');
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create target byte string
$a->bs(r15);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$b->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$a->length(my $sa = Vq(size)); $sa->dump;
$b->length(my $sb = Vq(size)); $sb->dump;
$a->clear;
$a->length(my $sA = Vq(size)); $sA->dump;
$b->length(my $sB = Vq(size)); $sB->dump;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
abababababababab
ababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab
size: 0000 0000 0000 0010
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
size: 0000 0000 0000 0000
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
END
my $s = CreateByteString;
$s->q("A");
$s->nl;
$s->q("B");
$s->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END;
A
B
ENDByteString::z($byteString)
Append a trailing zero to the byte string addressed by rax
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$s->read(Vq(file, Rs($0)));
$s->out;
my $r = Assemble(1 => my $f = temporaryFile);
is_deeply fileMd5Sum($f), fileMd5Sum($0); # Output contains this file
unlink $f;ByteString::rdiInHex()
Add the content of register rdi in hexadecimal in big endian notation to a byte string
Example:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
Mov rdi, 0x88776655;
Shl rdi, 32;
Or rdi, 0x44332211;
$s->rdiInHex; # Append a constant to the byte string
$s->out;
ok Assemble =~ m(8877665544332211);ByteString::append($byteString, @variables)
Append one byte string to another
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesByteString::clear($byteString)
Clear the byte string addressed by rax
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
bb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$a->q('AA');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAA
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->q('AA');
$b->q('BB');
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAAaabbBBbb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('ab');
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create target byte string
$a->bs(r15);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$b->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$a->length(my $sa = Vq(size)); $sa->dump;
$b->length(my $sb = Vq(size)); $sb->dump;
$a->clear;
$a->length(my $sA = Vq(size)); $sA->dump;
$b->length(my $sB = Vq(size)); $sB->dump;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
abababababababab
ababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab
size: 0000 0000 0000 0010
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
size: 0000 0000 0000 0000
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
ENDByteString::write($byteString, @variables)
Write the content in a byte string addressed by rax to a temporary file and replace the byte string content with the name of the temporary file
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$s->ql(<<END); # Write code to execute
#!/usr/bin/bash
whoami
ls -la
pwd
END
$s->write (my $f = Vq('file', Rs("zzz.sh"))); # Write code to a file
executeFileViaBash($f); # Execute the file
unlinkFile ($f); # Delete the file
my $u = qx(whoami); chomp($u);
ok Assemble(emulator=>0) =~ m($u); # The Intel Software Development Emulator is way too slow on these operations.ByteString::read($byteString, @variables)
Read the named file (terminated with a zero byte) and place it into the named byte string.
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesExample:
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$s->read(Vq(file, Rs($0)));
$s->out;
my $r = Assemble(1 => my $f = temporaryFile);
is_deeply fileMd5Sum($f), fileMd5Sum($0); # Output contains this file
unlink $f;ByteString::out($byteString)
Print the specified byte string addressed by rax on sysout
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aa
bb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$a->q('AA');
$a->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAA
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->q('AA');
$b->q('BB');
$a->q('aa');
$b->q('bb');
$a->out;
$b->out;
PrintOutNL;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
aaAAaabbBBbb
END
my $a = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$a->q('ab');
my $b = CreateByteString; # Create target byte string
$a->bs(r15);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->append(source=>$b->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$b->append(source=>$a->bs);
$a->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$b->out; PrintOutNL; # Print byte string
$a->length(my $sa = Vq(size)); $sa->dump;
$b->length(my $sb = Vq(size)); $sb->dump;
$a->clear;
$a->length(my $sA = Vq(size)); $sA->dump;
$b->length(my $sB = Vq(size)); $sB->dump;
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Assemble and execute
abababababababab
ababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab
size: 0000 0000 0000 0010
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
size: 0000 0000 0000 0000
size: 0000 0000 0000 004A
END
my $s = CreateByteString; # Create a string
$s->ql(<<END); # Write code to execute
#!/usr/bin/bash
whoami
ls -la
pwd
END
$s->write (my $f = Vq('file', Rs("zzz.sh"))); # Write code to a file
executeFileViaBash($f); # Execute the file
unlinkFile ($f); # Delete the file
my $u = qx(whoami); chomp($u);
ok Assemble(emulator=>0) =~ m($u); # The Intel Software Development Emulator is way too slow on these operations.executeFileViaBash(@variables)
Execute the file named in the byte string addressed by rax with bash
Parameter Description
1 @variables VariablesunlinkFile(@variables)
Unlink the named file
Parameter Description
1 @variables VariablesByteString::dump($byteString)
Dump details of a byte string
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptorExample:
my $t = GenTree(2,2); # Tree description
$t->node->(); # Root
Movdqa xmm1, xmm0; # Root is in xmm1
if (1) # New left node
{$t->node->(); # Node in xmm0
Movdqa xmm2, xmm0; # Left is in xmm2
cxr {$t->insertLeft->()} 1,2; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Left")} 2; # Left node after insertion
}
if (1) # New right node in xmm0
{$t->node->();
Movdqa xmm3, xmm0; # Right is in xmm3
cxr {$t->insertRight->()} 1,3; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Right")} 3; # Right node after insertion
}
cxr
{$t->dump->("Root"); # Root node after insertions
$t->isRoot->();
IfNz {PrintOutStringNL "root"} sub {PrintOutStringNL "NOT root"};
} 1;
PushRR xmm0; # Dump underlying byte string
PopRR rdi, rax;
$t->byteString->dump;
Exit; # Return to operating system
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Test tree so produced
Left
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Right
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0150
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Root
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0010
up: 0000 0000 0000 0000
left: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
right: 0000 0000 0000 0150
root
Byte String
Size: 0000 0000 0000 1000
Used: 0000 0000 0000 01E0
ENDBlock Strings
Strings made from zmm sized blocks of text
ByteString::CreateBlockString($byteString)
Create a string from a doubly link linked list of 64 byte blocks linked via 4 byte offsets in the byte string addressed by rax and return its descriptor
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptionBlockString::address($blockString)
Address of a block string
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptorBlockString::allocBlock($blockString, @variables)
Allocate a block to hold a zmm register in the specified byte string and return the offset of the block in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesBlockString::getBlockLengthInZmm($blockString, $zmm)
Get the block length of the numbered zmm and return it in a variable
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 $zmm Number of zmm registerBlockString::setBlockLengthInZmm($blockString, $length, $zmm)
Set the block length of the numbered zmm to the specified length
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 $length Length as a variable
3 $zmm Number of zmm registerBlockString::getBlock($blockString, $bsa, $block, $zmm)
Get the block with the specified offset in the specified block string and return it in the numbered zmm
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 $bsa Byte string variable
3 $block Offset of the block as a variable
4 $zmm Number of zmm register to contain blockBlockString::putBlock($blockString, $bsa, $block, $zmm)
Write the numbered zmm to the block at the specified offset in the specified byte string
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 $bsa Byte string variable
3 $block Block in byte string
4 $zmm Content variableBlockString::getNextAndPrevBlockOffsetFromZmm($blockString, $zmm)
Get the offsets of the next and previous blocks as variables from the specified zmm
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 $zmm Zmm containing blockBlockString::putNextandPrevBlockOffsetIntoZmm($blockString, $zmm, $next, $prev)
Save next and prev offsets into a zmm representing a block
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 $zmm Zmm containing block
3 $next Next offset as a variable
4 $prev Prev offset as a variableBlockString::dump($blockString)
Dump a block string to sysout
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptorBlockString::append($blockString, @variables)
Append the specified content in memory to the specified block string
Parameter Description
1 $blockString Block string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesTree
Tree operations
GenTree($keyLength, $dataLength)
Generate a set of routines to manage a tree held in a byte string with key and data fields of specified widths. Allocate a byte string to contain the tree, return its address in xmm0=(0, tree).
Parameter Description
1 $keyLength Fixed key length in bytes
2 $dataLength Fixed data length in bytesExample:
my $t = GenTree(2,2); # Tree description # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
$t->node->(); # Root
Movdqa xmm1, xmm0; # Root is in xmm1
if (1) # New left node
{$t->node->(); # Node in xmm0
Movdqa xmm2, xmm0; # Left is in xmm2
cxr {$t->insertLeft->()} 1,2; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Left")} 2; # Left node after insertion
}
if (1) # New right node in xmm0
{$t->node->();
Movdqa xmm3, xmm0; # Right is in xmm3
cxr {$t->insertRight->()} 1,3; # Insert left under root
cxr {$t->dump->("Right")} 3; # Right node after insertion
}
cxr
{$t->dump->("Root"); # Root node after insertions
$t->isRoot->();
IfNz {PrintOutStringNL "root"} sub {PrintOutStringNL "NOT root"};
} 1;
PushRR xmm0; # Dump underlying byte string
PopRR rdi, rax;
$t->byteString->dump;
Exit; # Return to operating system
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # Test tree so produced
Left
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Right
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0150
up: 0000 0000 0000 0010
left: 0000 0000 0000 0000
right: 0000 0000 0000 0000
Root
ArenaTreeNode at: 0000 0000 0000 0010
up: 0000 0000 0000 0000
left: 0000 0000 0000 00B0
right: 0000 0000 0000 0150
root
Byte String
Size: 0000 0000 0000 1000
Used: 0000 0000 0000 01E0
ENDAssemble
Assemble generated code
Start()
Initialize the assembler
Exit($c)
Exit with the specified return code or zero if no return code supplied. Assemble() automatically adds a call to Exit(0) if the last operation in the program is not a call to Exit.
Parameter Description
1 $c Return codeLocateIntelEmulator()
Assemble the generated code
Assemble(%options)
Assemble the generated code
Parameter Description
1 %options OptionsExample:
PrintOutStringNL "Hello World";
PrintErrStringNL "Hello World";
is_deeply Assemble, <<END; # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲
Hello World
Hello World
ENDBlockString Definition
Block string definition
Output fields
bs
Bytes string definition
first
Variable addressing first block in block string
length
Maximum length in a block
links
Location of links in bytes in zmm
next
Location of next offset in block in bytes
offset
Size of an offset is size of eax
prev
Location of prev offset in block in bytes
size
Size of a block == size of a zmm
Nasm::X86 Definition
Variable definition
Output fields
expr
Expression that initializes the variable
label
Address in memory
laneSize
Size of the lanes in this variable
name
Name of the variable
purpose
Purpose of this variable
reference
Reference to another variable
saturate
Computations should saturate rather then wrap if true
signed
Elements of x|y|zmm registers are signed if true
size
Size of variable
Attributes
The following is a list of all the attributes in this package. A method coded with the same name in your package will over ride the method of the same name in this package and thus provide your value for the attribute in place of the default value supplied for this attribute by this package.
Replaceable Attribute List
Pi32 Pi64
Pi32
Pi as a 32 bit float
Pi64
Pi as a 64 bit float
Private Methods
Label()
Create a unique label
Dbwdq($s, @d)
Layout data
Parameter Description
1 $s Element size
2 @d Data to be laid outRbwdq($s, @d)
Layout data
Parameter Description
1 $s Element size
2 @d Data to be laid outhexTranslateTable()
Create/address a hex translate table and return its label
PrintOutRipInHex()
Print the instruction pointer in hex
PrintOutRflagsInHex()
Print the flags register in hex
Nasm::X86::Variable::confirmIsMemory($memory, $address, $length)
Check that variable describes allocated memory and optionally load registers with its length and size
Parameter Description
1 $memory Variable describing memory as returned by Allocate Memory
2 $address Register to contain address
3 $length Register to contain sizeByteString::updateSpace($byteString, @variables)
Make sure that the byte string addressed by rax has enough space to accommodate content of length rdi
Parameter Description
1 $byteString Byte string descriptor
2 @variables VariablesremoveNonAsciiChars($string)
Return a copy of the specified string with all the non ascii characters removed
Parameter Description
1 $string StringtotalBytesAssembled()
Total size in bytes of all files assembled during testing
Index
1 All8Structure - Create a structure consisting of 8 byte fields
2 AllocateAll8OnStack - Create a local data descriptor consisting of the specified number of 8 byte local variables and return an array: (local data descriptor, variable definitions.
3 AllocateMemory - Allocate the specified amount of memory via mmap and return its address
4 Assemble - Assemble the generated code
5 BlockString::address - Address of a block string
6 BlockString::allocBlock - Allocate a block to hold a zmm register in the specified byte string and return the offset of the block in a variable
7 BlockString::append - Append the specified content in memory to the specified block string
8 BlockString::dump - Dump a block string to sysout
9 BlockString::getBlock - Get the block with the specified offset in the specified block string and return it in the numbered zmm
10 BlockString::getBlockLengthInZmm - Get the block length of the numbered zmm and return it in a variable
11 BlockString::getNextAndPrevBlockOffsetFromZmm - Get the offsets of the next and previous blocks as variables from the specified zmm
12 BlockString::putBlock - Write the numbered zmm to the block at the specified offset in the specified byte string
13 BlockString::putNextandPrevBlockOffsetIntoZmm - Save next and prev offsets into a zmm representing a block
14 BlockString::setBlockLengthInZmm - Set the block length of the numbered zmm to the specified length
15 ByteString::allocate - Allocate the amount of space indicated in rdi in the byte string addressed by rax and return the offset of the allocation in the arena in rdi
16 ByteString::append - Append one byte string to another
17 ByteString::char - Append a character expressed as a decimal number to the byte string addressed by rax
18 ByteString::clear - Clear the byte string addressed by rax
19 ByteString::CreateBlockString - Create a string from a doubly link linked list of 64 byte blocks linked via 4 byte offsets in the byte string addressed by rax and return its descriptor
20 ByteString::dump - Dump details of a byte string
21 ByteString::length - Get the length of a byte string
22 ByteString::m - Append the content with length rdi addressed by rsi to the byte string addressed by rax
23 ByteString::makeReadOnly - Make a byte string read only
24 ByteString::makeWriteable - Make a byte string writable
25 ByteString::nl - Append a new line to the byte string addressed by rax
26 ByteString::out - Print the specified byte string addressed by rax on sysout
27 ByteString::q - Append a constant string to the byte string
28 ByteString::ql - Append a quoted string containing new line characters to the byte string addressed by rax
29 ByteString::rdiInHex - Add the content of register rdi in hexadecimal in big endian notation to a byte string
30 ByteString::read - Read the named file (terminated with a zero byte) and place it into the named byte string.
31 ByteString::updateSpace - Make sure that the byte string addressed by rax has enough space to accommodate content of length rdi
32 ByteString::write - Write the content in a byte string addressed by rax to a temporary file and replace the byte string content with the name of the temporary file
33 ByteString::z - Append a trailing zero to the byte string addressed by rax
34 ClearMemory - Clear memory - the address of the memory is in rax, the length in rdi
35 ClearRegisters - Clear registers by setting them to zero
36 ClearZF - Clear the zero flag
37 CloseFile - Close the file whose descriptor is in rax
38 Comment - Insert a comment into the assembly code
39 ConcatenateShortStrings - Concatenate the numbered source zmm containing a short string with the short string in the numbered target zmm.
40 Copy - Copy the source to the target register
41 CopyMemory - Copy memory, the target is addressed by rax, the length is in rdi, the source is addressed by rsi
42 cr - Call a subroutine with a reordering of the registers.
43 CreateByteString - Create an relocatable string of bytes in an arena and returns its address in rax.
44 Cstrlen - Length of the C style string addressed by rax returning the length in r15
45 cxr - Call a subroutine with a reordering of the xmm registers.
46 Db - Layout bytes in the data segment and return their label
47 Dbwdq - Layout data
48 DComment - Insert a comment into the data segment
49 Dd - Layout double words in the data segment and return their label
50 Decrement - Decrement the specified register
51 Dq - Layout quad words in the data segment and return their label
52 Ds - Layout bytes in memory and return their label
53 Dw - Layout words in the data segment and return their label
54 executeFileViaBash - Execute the file named in the byte string addressed by rax with bash
55 Exit - Exit with the specified return code or zero if no return code supplied.
56 Float32 - 32 bit float
57 Float64 - 64 bit float
58 For - For - iterate the body as long as register is less than limit incrementing by increment each time
59 ForEver - Iterate for ever
60 ForIn - For - iterate the body as long as register plus increment is less than than limit incrementing by increment each time
61 Fork - Fork
62 FreeMemory - Free memory
63 GenTree - Generate a set of routines to manage a tree held in a byte string with key and data fields of specified widths.
64 getBFromXmmAsVariable - Get the byte from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
65 getBFromZmmAsVariable - Get the byte from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
66 getBwdqFromMmAsVariable - Get the numbered byte|word|double word|quad word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
67 getDFromXmmAsVariable - Get the double word from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
68 getDFromZmmAsVariable - Get the double word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
69 GetLengthOfShortString - Get the length of the short string held in the numbered zmm register into the specified register
70 GetPid - Get process identifier
71 GetPidInHex - Get process identifier in hex as 8 zero terminated bytes in rax
72 GetPPid - Get parent process identifier
73 getQFromXmmAsVariable - Get the quad word from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
74 getQFromZmmAsVariable - Get the quad word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
75 GetUid - Get userid of current process
76 getWFromXmmAsVariable - Get the word from the numbered xmm register and return it in a variable
77 getWFromZmmAsVariable - Get the word from the numbered zmm register and return it in a variable
78 Hash - Hash a string addressed by rax with length held in rdi and return the hash code in r15
79 hexTranslateTable - Create/address a hex translate table and return its label
80 If - If
81 IfEq - If equal execute the then body else the else body
82 IfGe - If greater than or equal execute the then body else the else body
83 IfGt - If greater than execute the then body else the else body
84 IfLe - If less than or equal execute the then body else the else body
85 IfLt - If less than execute the then body else the else body
86 IfNe - If not equal execute the then body else the else body
87 IfNz - If not zero execute the then body else the else body
88 Increment - Increment the specified register
89 InsertIntoXyz - Shift and insert the specified word, double, quad from rax or the contents of xmm0 into the specified xyz register at the specified position shifting data above it to the left towards higher order bytes.
90 Keep - Mark free registers so that they are not updated until we Free them or complain if the register is already in use.
91 KeepFree - Free registers so that they can be reused
92 KeepPop - Reset the status of the specified registers to the status quo ante the last push
93 KeepPush - Push the current status of the specified registers and then mark them as free
94 KeepReturn - Pop the specified register and mark it as in use to effect a subroutine return with this register.
95 KeepSet - Confirm that the specified registers are in use
96 Label - Create a unique label
97 LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm - Load the short string addressed by rax into the zmm register with the specified number
98 LoadShortStringFromMemoryToZmm2 - Load the short string addressed by rax into the zmm register with the specified number
99 LoadTargetZmmFromSourceZmm - Load bytes into the numbered target zmm register at a register specified offset with source bytes from a numbered source zmm register at a specified register offset for a specified register length.
100 LoadZmmFromMemory - Load bytes into the numbered target zmm register at a register specified offset with source bytes from memory addressed by a specified register for a specified register length from memory addressed by a specified register.
101 LocalData - Map local data
102 LocalData::allocate8 - Add some 8 byte local variables and return an array of variable definitions
103 LocalData::free - Free a local data area on the stack
104 LocalData::start - Start a local data area on the stack
105 LocalData::variable - Add a local variable
106 LocalVariable::stack - Address a local variable on the stack
107 LocateIntelEmulator - Assemble the generated code
108 Macro - Create a sub with optional parameters name=> the name of the subroutine so it can be reused rather than regenerated, comment=> a comment describing the sub
109 MaximumOfTwoRegisters - Return in the specified register the value in the second register if it is greater than the value in the first register
110 MinimumOfTwoRegisters - Return in the specified register the value in the second register if it is less than the value in the first register
111 Minus - Subtract the third operand from the second operand and place the result in the first operand
112 Nasm::X86::Sub::call - Call a sub passing it some parameters
113 Nasm::X86::Variable::add - Add the right hand variable to the left hand variable and return the result as a new variable
114 Nasm::X86::Variable::address - Get the address of a variable with an optional offset
115 Nasm::X86::Variable::and - And two variables
116 Nasm::X86::Variable::arithmetic - Return a variable containing the result of an arithmetic operation on the left hand and right hand side variables
117 Nasm::X86::Variable::assign - Assign to the left hand side the value of the right hand side
118 Nasm::X86::Variable::boolean - Combine the left hand variable with the right hand variable via a boolean operator
119 Nasm::X86::Variable::clearMemory - Clear the memory described in this variable
120 Nasm::X86::Variable::confirmIsMemory - Check that variable describes allocated memory and optionally load registers with its length and size
121 Nasm::X86::Variable::copy - Copy one variable into another
122 Nasm::X86::Variable::copyAddress - Copy a reference to a variable
123 Nasm::X86::Variable::copyMemoryFrom - Copy from one block of memory to another
124 Nasm::X86::Variable::copyRef - Copy one variable into an referenced variable
125 Nasm::X86::Variable::debug - Dump the value of a variable on stdout with an indication of where the dump came from
126 Nasm::X86::Variable::dec - Decrement a variable
127 Nasm::X86::Variable::divide - Divide the left hand variable by the right hand variable and return the result as a new variable
128 Nasm::X86::Variable::division - Return a variable containing the result or the remainder that occurs when the left hand side is divided by the right hand side
129 Nasm::X86::Variable::dump - Dump the value of a variable on stdout
130 Nasm::X86::Variable::eq - Check whether the left hand variable is equal to the right hand variable
131 Nasm::X86::Variable::equals - Equals operator
132 Nasm::X86::Variable::for - Iterate the body from 0 limit times.
133 Nasm::X86::Variable::freeMemory - Free the memory described in this variable
134 Nasm::X86::Variable::ge - Check whether the left hand variable is greater than or equal to the right hand variable
135 Nasm::X86::Variable::getReg - Load the variable from the named registers
136 Nasm::X86::Variable::gt - Check whether the left hand variable is greater than the right hand variable
137 Nasm::X86::Variable::inc - Increment a variable
138 Nasm::X86::Variable::incDec - Increment or decrement a variable
139 Nasm::X86::Variable::isRef - Check whether the specified variable is a reference to another variable
140 Nasm::X86::Variable::le - Check whether the left hand variable is less than or equal to the right hand variable
141 Nasm::X86::Variable::loadZmm - Load bytes from the memory addressed by the specified source variable into the numbered zmm register.
142 Nasm::X86::Variable::lt - Check whether the left hand variable is less than the right hand variable
143 Nasm::X86::Variable::max - Maximum of two variables
144 Nasm::X86::Variable::min - Minimum of two variables
145 Nasm::X86::Variable::minusAssign - Implement minus and assign
146 Nasm::X86::Variable::mod - Divide the left hand variable by the right hand variable and return the remainder as a new variable
147 Nasm::X86::Variable::ne - Check whether the left hand variable is not equal to the right hand variable
148 Nasm::X86::Variable::or - Or two variables
149 Nasm::X86::Variable::plusAssign - Implement plus and assign
150 Nasm::X86::Variable::print - Write the value of a variable on stdout
151 Nasm::X86::Variable::printOutMemoryInHex - Print allocated memory in hex
152 Nasm::X86::Variable::putBIntoXmm - Place the value of the content variable at the byte in the numbered xmm register
153 Nasm::X86::Variable::putBIntoZmm - Place the value of the content variable at the byte in the numbered zmm register
154 Nasm::X86::Variable::putBwdqIntoMm - Place the value of the content variable at the byte|word|double word|quad word in the numbered zmm register
155 Nasm::X86::Variable::putDIntoXmm - Place the value of the content variable at the double word in the numbered xmm register
156 Nasm::X86::Variable::putDIntoZmm - Place the value of the content variable at the double word in the numbered zmm register
157 Nasm::X86::Variable::putQIntoXmm - Place the value of the content variable at the quad word in the numbered xmm register
158 Nasm::X86::Variable::putQIntoZmm - Place the value of the content variable at the quad word in the numbered zmm register
159 Nasm::X86::Variable::putWIntoXmm - Place the value of the content variable at the word in the numbered xmm register
160 Nasm::X86::Variable::putWIntoZmm - Place the value of the content variable at the word in the numbered zmm register
161 Nasm::X86::Variable::saveZmm - Save bytes into the memory addressed by the target variable from the numbered zmm register.
162 Nasm::X86::Variable::setMask - Set the mask register to ones starting at the specified position for the specified length and zeroes elsewhere
163 Nasm::X86::Variable::setReg - Set the named registers from the content of the variable
164 Nasm::X86::Variable::setZmm - Load bytes from the memory addressed by specified source variable into the numbered zmm register at the offset in the specified offset moving the number of bytes in the specified variable
165 Nasm::X86::Variable::str - The name of the variable
166 Nasm::X86::Variable::sub - Subtract the right hand variable from the left hand variable and return the result as a new variable
167 Nasm::X86::Variable::times - Multiply the left hand variable by the right hand variable and return the result as a new variable
168 OpenRead - Open a file, whose name is addressed by rax, for read and return the file descriptor in rax
169 OpenWrite - Create the file named by the terminated string addressed by rax for write
170 PeekR - Peek at register on stack
171 Plus - Add the last operands and place the result in the first operand
172 PopR - Pop registers from the stack
173 PopRR - Pop registers from the stack without tracking
174 PrintErrNL - Print a new line to stderr
175 PrintErrString - Print a constant string to stderr.
176 PrintErrStringNL - Print a new line to stderr
177 PrintOutMemory - Print the memory addressed by rax for a length of rdi::
178 PrintOutMemoryInHex - Dump memory from the address in rax for the length in rdi
179 PrintOutMemoryInHexNL - Dump memory from the address in rax for the length in rdi and then print a new line
180 PrintOutMemoryNL - Print the memory addressed by rax for a length of rdi followed by a new line
181 PrintOutNL - Print a new line to stdout
182 PrintOutRaxInHex - Write the content of register rax to stderr in hexadecimal in big endian notation
183 PrintOutRaxInReverseInHex - Write the content of register rax to stderr in hexadecimal in little endian notation
184 PrintOutRegisterInHex - Print any register as a hex string
185 PrintOutRegistersInHex - Print the general purpose registers in hex
186 PrintOutRflagsInHex - Print the flags register in hex
187 PrintOutRipInHex - Print the instruction pointer in hex
188 PrintOutString - Print a constant string to sysout.
189 PrintOutStringNL - Print a constant string to sysout followed by new line
190 PrintOutZF - Print the zero flag without disturbing it
191 PushR - Push registers onto the stack
192 PushRR - Push registers onto the stack without tracking
193 Rb - Layout bytes in the data segment and return their label
194 Rbwdq - Layout data
195 RComment - Insert a comment into the read only data segment
196 Rd - Layout double words in the data segment and return their label
197 ReadFile - Read a file whose name is addressed by rax into memory.
198 ReadTimeStampCounter - Read the time stamp counter and return the time in nanoseconds in rax
199 RegisterSize - Return the size of a register
200 removeNonAsciiChars - Return a copy of the specified string with all the non ascii characters removed
201 ReorderSyscallRegisters - Map the list of registers provided to the 64 bit system call sequence
202 ReorderXmmRegisters - Map the list of xmm registers provided to 0-31
203 RestoreFirstFour - Restore the first 4 parameter registers
204 RestoreFirstFourExceptRax - Restore the first 4 parameter registers except rax so it can return its value
205 RestoreFirstFourExceptRaxAndRdi - Restore the first 4 parameter registers except rax and rdi so we can return a pair of values
206 RestoreFirstSeven - Restore the first 7 parameter registers
207 RestoreFirstSevenExceptRax - Restore the first 7 parameter registers except rax which is being used to return the result
208 RestoreFirstSevenExceptRaxAndRdi - Restore the first 7 parameter registers except rax and rdi which are being used to return the results
209 Rq - Layout quad words in the data segment and return their label
210 Rs - Layout bytes in read only memory and return their label
211 Rw - Layout words in the data segment and return their label
212 SaveFirstFour - Save the first 4 parameter registers making any parameter registers read only
213 SaveFirstSeven - Save the first 7 parameter registers
214 Scope - Create and stack a new scope and continue with it as the current scope
215 Scope::contains - Check that the named parent scope contains the specified child scope.
216 Scope::currentlyVisible - Check that the named parent scope is currently visible
217 ScopeEnd - End the current scope and continue with the containing parent scope
218 SetLabel - Set a label in the code section
219 SetLengthOfShortString - Set the length of the short string held in the numbered zmm register into the specified register
220 SetMaskRegister - Set the mask register to ones starting at the specified position for the specified length and zeroes elsewhere
221 SetRegisterToMinusOne - Set the specified register to -1
222 SetZF - Set the zero flag
223 Start - Initialize the assembler
224 StatSize - Stat a file whose name is addressed by rax to get its size in rax
225 Structure - Create a structure addressed by a register
226 Structure::field - Add a field of the specified length with an optional comment
227 StructureField::addr - Address a field in a structure by either the default register or the named register
228 Subroutine - Create a subroutine that can be called in assembler code
229 totalBytesAssembled - Total size in bytes of all files assembled during testing
230 unlinkFile - Unlink the named file
231 UnReorderSyscallRegisters - Recover the initial values in registers that were reordered
232 UnReorderXmmRegisters - Recover the initial values in the xmm registers that were reordered
233 Variable - Create a new variable with the specified size and name initialized via an expression
234 Vb - Define a byte variable
235 Vd - Define a double word variable
236 Vq - Define a quad variable
237 Vr - Define a reference variable
238 Vw - Define a word variable
239 Vx - Define an xmm variable
240 VxyzInit - Initialize an xyz register from general purpose registers
241 Vy - Define an ymm variable
242 Vz - Define an zmm variable
243 WaitPid - Wait for the pid in rax to complete
Installation
This module is written in 100% Pure Perl and, thus, it is easy to read, comprehend, use, modify and install via cpan:
sudo cpan install Nasm::X86Author
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2016-2021 Philip R Brenan.
This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.