NAME

WiringPi::API - API for wiringPi, providing access to the Raspberry Pi's board, GPIO and connected peripherals

SYNOPSIS

No matter which import option you choose, before you can start making calls, you must initialize the software by calling one of the setup*() routines.

# import the API functions directly

use WiringPi::API qw(:wiringPi)

# import the Perl wrapped functions

use WiringPi::API qw(:perl)

# import both versions

use WiringPi::API qw(:all)

# use as a base class with OO functionality

use parent 'WiringPi::API';

# use in the traditional Perl OO way

use WiringPi::API;

my $api = WiringPi::API->new;

DESCRIPTION

This is an XS-based module, and requires wiringPi version 2.36+ to be installed. The wiringPiDev shared library is also required (for the LCD functionality), but it's installed by default with wiringPi.

This module allows you to import the wiringPi's functions directly as-is, use it as a Perl base class, export the Perl wrapped functions, or use it in a traditional Perl OO way.

See the documentation on the wiringPi website for a more in-depth description of most of the functions it provides. Some of the functions we've wrapped are not documented, they were just selectively plucked from the C code itself.

EXPORT_OK

Exported with the :wiringPi tag.

These XS functions map directly to the wiringPi functions with their original names.

Note that setInterrupt is a custom C wrapper for wiringPiISR(), as is spiDataRW for wiringPiSPIDataRW(). This is required in order to be able to make them usable in Perl land.

wiringPiSetup       wiringPiSetupSys    wiringPiSetupGpio
wiringPiSetupPhys   pinMode             pullUpDnControl
digitalRead         digitalWrite        digitalWriteByte
pwmWrite            getAlt              piBoardDev
wpiToGpio           physPinToGpio       pwmSetRange
lcdInit             lcdHome             lcdClear
lcdDisplay          lcdCursor           lcdCursorBlink
lcdSendCommand      lcdPosition         lcdCharDef
lcdPutChar          lcdPuts             setInterrupt
softPwmCreate       softPwmWrite        softPwmStop
sr595Setup          bmp180Setup         bmp180Pressure
bmp180Temp          analogRead          analogWrite
ads1115Setup        pseudoPinsSetup     wiringPiSPISetup
wiringPiSPIDataRW

Exported with the :perl tag.

Perl wrapper functions for the XS functions. Not all of these are direct wrappers; several have additional/modified functionality than the wrapped versions, but are still 100% compatible.

setup           setup_sys       setup_phys          setup_gpio 
pull_up_down    read_pin        write_pin           pwm_write
get_alt         gpio_layout     wpi_to_gpio         phys_to_gpio
pwm_set_range   lcd_init        lcd_home            lcd_clear
lcd_display     lcd_cursor      lcd_cursor_blink    lcd_send_cmd
lcd_position    lcd_char_def    lcd_put_char        lcd_puts
set_interrupt   soft_pwm_create soft_pwm_write      soft_pwm_stop
shift_reg_setup pin_mode        analog_read         analog_write
bmp180_setup    bmp180_pressure bmp180_temp         phys_to_wpi
ads1115_setup   spi_setup       spi_data

EXPORT_TAGS

:wiringPi

See EXPORT_OK

:perl

See EXPORT_OK

:all

Exports all available exportable functions.

FUNCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

CORE

See "CORE FUNCTIONS".

BOARD

See "BOARD FUNCTIONS".

LCD

See "LCD FUNCTIONS".

SOFTWARE PWM

See "SOFT PWM FUNCTIONS".

INTERRUPT

See "INTERRUPT FUNCTIONS".

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

See "ADC FUNCTIONS".

SHIFT REGISTER

See "SHIFT REGISTER FUNCTIONS".

SPI

See "SPI FUNCTIONS"

BAROMETRIC SENSOR

See "BMP180 PRESSURE SENSOR FUNCTIONS".

CORE FUNCTIONS

new()

NOTE: After an object is created, one of the setup* methods must be called to initialize the Pi board.

Returns a new WiringPi::API object.

setup()

Maps to int wiringPiSetup()

Sets the pin number mapping scheme to wiringPi.

See pinout.xyz for a pin number conversion chart, or on the command line, run gpio readall.

Note that only one of the setup*() methods should be called per program run.

setup_gpio()

Maps to int wiringPiSetupGpio()

Sets the pin numbering scheme to GPIO.

Personally, this is the setup routine that I always use, due to the GPIO numbers physically printed right on the Pi board.

setup_phys()

Maps to int wiringPiSetupPhys()

Sets the pin mapping to use the physical pin position number on the board.

setup_sys()

Maps to int wiringPiSetupSys()

DEPRECATED.

This function is here for legacy purposes only, to provide non-root user access to the GPIO. It required exporting the pins manually before use. wiringPi now uses /dev/gpiomem by default, which does not require root level access.

Sets the pin numbering scheme to GPIO.

pin_mode($pin, $mode)

Maps to void pinMode(int pin, int mode)

Puts the pin in either INPUT or OUTPUT mode.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$mode

Mandatory: 0 for INPUT, 1 OUTPUT, 2 PWM_OUTPUT and 3 GPIO_CLOCK.

read_pin($pin);

Maps to int digitalRead(int pin)

Returns the current state (HIGH/on, LOW/off) of a given pin.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

write_pin($pin, $state)

Maps to void digitalWrite(int pin, int state)

Sets the state (HIGH/on, LOW/off) of a given pin.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$state

Mandatory: 1 to turn the pin on (HIGH), and 0 to turn it LOW (off).

analog_read($pin);

Maps to int analogRead(int pin)

Returns the data for an analog pin. Note that the Raspberry Pi doesn't have analog pins, so this is used when connected through an ADC or to pseudo analog pins.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pseudo pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

analog_write($pin, $value)

Maps to void analogWrite(int pin, int value)

Writes the value to the corresponding analog pseudo pin.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pseudo pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$value

Mandatory: The data which you want to write to the pseudo pin.

pull_up_down($pin, $direction)

Maps to void pullUpDnControl(int pin, int pud)

Enable/disable the built-in pull up/down resistors for a specified pin.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$direction

Mandatory: 2 for UP, 1 for DOWN and 0 to disable the resistor.

pwm_write($pin, $value)

Maps to void pwmWrite(int pin, int value)

Sets the Pulse Width Modulation duty cycle (on-time) of the pin.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$value

Mandatory: 0 to 1023. 0 is 0% (off) and 1023 is 100% (fully on).

get_alt($pin)

Maps to int getAlt(int pin)

This returns the current mode of the pin (using getAlt() C call). Modes are INPUT 0, OUTPUT 1, PWM 2 and CLOCK 3.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

BOARD FUNCTIONS

gpio_layout()

Maps to int piGpioLayout()

Returns the Raspberry Pi board's GPIO layout (ie. the board revision).

wpi_to_gpio($pin_num)

Maps to int wpiPinToGpio(int pin)

Converts a wiringPi pin number to the Broadcom (BCM) representation, and returns it.

Parameters:

$pin_num

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

phys_to_gpio($pin_num)

Maps to int physPinToGpio(int pin)

Converts the pin number on the physical board to the GPIO representation, and returns it.

Parameters:

$pin_num

Mandatory: The pin number on the physical Raspberry Pi board.

phys_to_wpi($pin_num)

Maps to int physPinToWpi(int pin)

Converts the pin number on the physical board to the wiringPi numbering representation, and returns it.

Parameters:

$pin_num

Mandatory: The pin number on the physical Raspberry Pi board.

pwm_set_range($range);

Maps to void pwmSetRange(int range)

Sets the range register of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) functionality. It defaults to 1024 (0-1023).

Parameters:

$range

Mandatory: An integer between 0 and 1023.

LCD FUNCTIONS

There are several methods to drive standard Liquid Crystal Displays. See wiringPiDev LCD page for full details.

lcd_init(%args)

Maps to:

int lcdInit(
    rows, cols, bits, rs, strb,
    d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7
);

Initializes the LCD library, and returns an integer representing the handle handle (file descriptor) of the device. The return is supposed to be constant, so DON'T change it.

Parameters:

%args = (
    rows => $num,       # number of rows. eg: 2 or 4
    cols => $num,       # number of columns. eg: 16 or 20
    bits => 4|8,        # width of the interface (4 or 8)
    rs => $pin_num,     # pin number of the LCD's RS pin
    strb => $pin_num,   # pin number of the LCD's strobe (E) pin
    d0 => $pin_num,     # pin number for LCD data pin 1
    ...
    d7 => $pin_num,     # pin number for LCD data pin 8
);

Mandatory: All entries must have a value. If you're only using four (4) bit width, d4 through d7 must be set to 0.

Note: When in 4-bit mode, the d0 through 3 parameters actually map to pins d4 through d7 on the LCD board, so you need to connect those pins to their respective selected GPIO pins.

lcd_home($fd)

Maps to void lcdHome(int fd)

Moves the LCD cursor to the home position (top row, leftmost column).

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

lcd_clear($fd)

Maps to void lcdClear(int fd)

Clears the LCD display.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

lcd_display($fd, $state)

Maps to void lcdDisplay(int fd, int state)

Turns the LCD display on and off.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$state

Mandatory: 0 to turn the display off, and 1 for on.

lcd_cursor($fd, $state)

Maps to void lcdCursor(int fd, int state)

Turns the LCD cursor on and off.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$state

Mandatory: 0 to turn the cursor off, 1 for on.

lcd_cursor_blink($fd, $state)

Maps to void lcdCursorBlink(int fd, int state)

Allows you to enable/disable a blinking cursor.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

lcd_send_cmd($fd, $command)

Maps to void lcdSendCommand(int fd, char command)

Sends any arbitrary command to the LCD.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$command

Mandatory: A command to submit to the LCD.

lcd_position($fd, $x, $y)

Maps to void lcdPosition(int fd, int x, int y)

Moves the cursor to the specified position on the LCD display.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$x

Mandatory: Column position. 0 is the left-most edge.

$y

Mandatory: Row position. 0 is the top row.

lcd_char_def($fd, $index, $data)

Maps to void lcdCharDef(int fd, unsigned char data [8])

This allows you to re-define one of the 8 user-definable characters in the display. The data array is 8 bytes which represent the character from the top-line to the bottom line. Note that the characters are actually 5×8, so only the lower 5 bits are used. The index is from 0 to 7 and you can subsequently print the character defined using the lcdPutchar() call.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$index

Mandatory: Index of the display character. Values are 0-7.

$data

Mandatory: See above description.

lcd_put_char($fd, $char)

Maps to void lcdPutChar(int fd, unsigned char data)

Writes a single ASCII character to the LCD display, at the current cursor position.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$char

Mandatory: A single ASCII character.

lcd_puts($fd, $string)

Maps to void lcdPuts(int fd, char *string)

Writes a string to the LCD display, at the current cursor position.

Parameters:

$fd

Mandatory: The file descriptor integer returned by lcd_init().

$string

Mandatory: A string to display.

SOFT PWM FUNCTIONS

Note: The software PWM functionality is experimental, and from what I've tested, not very reliable, so I'd stay away from this at this time.

Software Pulse Width Modulation is not the same as hardware PWM. It should not be used for critical things as it's frequency isn't 100% stable.

This software PWM allows you to use PWM on ANY GPIO pin, not just the single hardware pin available.

soft_pwm_create($pin, $initial_value, $range)

Creates a new software PWM thread that runs outside of your main application.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$initial_value

Optional: A value between 0 and $range.

$range

Optional: Look at this like a dial. We start at 0 and the dial has turned completely when we hit the $range integer. If not sent in, defaults to 1023.

soft_pwm_write($pin, $value)

Sets the HIGH frequency on pin to whatever is in $value. The value must be lower than what was set in the $range parameter to soft_pwm_create().

soft_pwm_stop($pin)

Turns off software PWM on the $pin.

INTERRUPT FUNCTIONS

set_interrupt($pin, $edge, $callback)

IMPORTANT: The interrupt functionality requires that your Perl can be used in pthreads. If you do not have a threaded Perl, the program will cause a segmentation fault.

Wrapper around wiringPi's wiringPiISR() that allows you to send in the name of a Perl sub in your own code that will be called if an interrupt is triggered.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: The pin number, in the pin numbering scheme dictated by whichever setup*() routine you used.

$edge

Mandatory: 1 (lowering), 2 (raising) or 3 (both).

$callback

Mandatory: The string name of a subroutine previously written in your user code that will be called when the interrupt is triggered. This is your interrupt handler.

ADC FUNCTIONS

Analog to digital converters (ADC) allow you to read analog data on the Raspberry Pi, as the Pi doesn't have any analog input pins.

This section is broken down by type/model.

ADS1115 MODEL

ads1115_setup($pin_base, $addr)

Maps to `ads1115Setup(int pinBase, int addr)`.

The ADS1115 is a four channel, 16-bit wide ADC.

Parameters:

$pin_base

Mandatory: Signed integer, higher than that of all GPIO pins. This is the base number we'll use to access the pseudo pins on the ADC. Example: If 400 is sent in, ADC pin A0 (or 0) will be pin 400, and AD3 (the fourth analog pin) will be 403.

Parameters:

$addr

Mandatory: Signed integer. This parameter depends on how you have the ADDR pin on the ADC connected to the Pi. Below is a chart showing if the ADDR pin is connected to the Pi Pin, you'll get the address. You can also use i2cdetect -y 1 to find out your ADC address.

Pin     Address
---------------
Gnd     0x48
VDD     0x49
SDA     0x4A
SCL     0x4B

SHIFT REGISTER FUNCTIONS

Shift registers allow you to add extra output pins by multiplexing a small number of GPIO.

Currently, we support the SR74HC595 unit, which provides eight outputs by using only three GPIO. To further, this particular unit can be daisy chained up to four wide to provide an additional 32 outputs using the same three GPIO pins.

shift_reg_setup

This function configures the Raspberry Pi to use a shift register (The SR74HC595 is currently supported).

Parameters:

$pin_base

Mandatory: Signed integer, higher than that of all existing GPIO pins. This parameter registers pin 0 on the shift register to an internal GPIO pin number. For example, setting this to 100, you will be able to access the first output on the register as GPIO 100 in all other functions.

$num_pins

Mandatory: Signed integer, the number of outputs on the shift register. For a single SR74HC595, this is eight. If you were to daisy chain two together, this parameter would be 16.

$data_pin

Mandatory: Integer, the GPIO pin number connected to the register's DS pin (14). Can be any GPIO pin capable of output.

$clock_pin

Mandatory: Integer, the GPIO pin number connected to the register's SHCP pin (11). Can be any GPIO pin capable of output.

$latch_pin

Mandatory: Integer, the GPIO pin number connected to the register's STCP pin (12). Can be any GPIO pin capable of output.

SPI FUNCTIONS

These functions allow you to set up and read/write to devices on the serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus.

spi_setup

Maps to int wiringPiSPISetup(int channel, int speed)

Configure the SPI bus for use to communicate with its connected devices.

Parameters:

$channel

Mandatory: Integer, the SPI channel the device is connected to. 0 for channel /dev/spidev0.0 and 1 for channel /dev/spidev0.1.

$speed

Optional: Integer, the speed for SPI communication. Defaults to 1000000 (1MHz).

Note that it's wise to do some error checking when attempting to open the SPI bus. We return the return value of an ioctl() call, so this does the trick:

if ((spi_setup(0, 1000000) < 0){
    die "failed to open the SPI bus...\n";
}

spi_data

Maps to: int spiDataRW(int channel, AV* data, int len), which calls int wiringPiSPIDataRW(int channel, unsigned char* data, int len).

Writes, and then reads a block of data over the SPI bus. The read following the write is read into the transmit buffer, so it'll be overwritten and sent back as a Perl array.

Parameters:

$channel

Mandatory: Integer, the SPI channel the device is connected to. 0 for channel /dev/spidev0.0 and 1 for channel /dev/spidev0.1.

$data

Mandatory: An array reference, with each element containing a single unsigned 8-bit byte that you want to write to the device. If you want to read-only, send in an aref with all the elements set to 0. These will be overwritten with the read data, and sent back as a Perl array.

$len

Mandatory: Integer, the number of bytes contained in the $data parameter array reference that will be sent to the device. I could just count the number of elements, but this keeps things consistent, and ensures the user is fully aware of the data they are sending on the bus.

Returns a Perl array containing the same number of elements you sent in.

# read-only... three bytes

my $buf = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00];

my @ret = spiDataRW($chan, $buf, 3);

BMP180 PRESSURE SENSOR FUNCTIONS

These functions configure and fetch data from the BMP180 pressure sensor.

bmp180_setup($pin_base)

Configures the system to read from a BMP180 pressure sensor.

These functions can not return the raw values from the sensor. See each function documentation to learn how to do so.

Parameters:

$pin_base

Mandatory: Integer, the number at which to place the pseudo analog pins in the GPIO stack. For example, if you use 200, pin 200 represents the temperature feature of the sensor, and 201 represents the pressure feature.

Return: undef.

bmp180_temp($pin, $want)

Returns the temperature from the sensor.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: Integer, represents the $pin_base used in the setup function + 0.

$want

Optional: 'c' for Celcius, and 'f' for Farenheit. Defaults to 'f'.

Return: A floating point number in the requested conversion.

NOTE: To get the raw sensor temperature, call the C function bmp180Temp($pin) directly.

bmp180_pressure($pin)

Returns the current air pressure in kPa.

Parameters:

$pin

Mandatory: Integer, represents the $pin_base used in the setup function + 1.

Return: A floating point number that represents the air pressure in kPa.

NOTE: To get the raw sensor pressure, call the C function bmp180Pressure($pin) directly.

DEVELOPER FUNCTIONS

These functions are under testing, or don't potentially have a use to the end user. They may be risky to use, so use at your own risk.

The functions in this section do not have a Perl wrapper equivalent.

pseudoPinsSetup(int pinBase)

This function allocates shared memory for the pseudo pins used to communicate with devices that are beyond the reach of the Pi's GPIO (eg: shift registers, ADCs etc).

Parameters:

pinBase

Mandatory: Integer, larger than the highest GPIO pin number. Eg: 500 will be the base for the analog pins on an ADS1115 ADC. Pin A0 would be 500, and ADC pin A3 would be 503.

pinModeAlt(int pin, int mode)

Undocumented function that allows any pin to be set to any mode.

Parameters:

pin

Mandatory: Signed integer, any valid GPIO pin number.

mode

Mandatory: Signed integer, any valid wiringPi pin mode.

digitalWriteByte(const int value)

Writes an 8-bit byte to the first eight GPIO pins.

Parameters:

value

Mandatory: Unsigned int, the byte value you want to send in.

Return: void

digitalWriteByte2(const int value)

Same as "digitalWriteByte(const int value)", but writes to the second group of eight GPIO pins.

digitalReadByte()

Reads an 8-bit byte from the first eight GPIO pins on the Pi.

Takes no parameters, returns the byte value as an unsigned int.

digitalReadByte2()

Same as "digitalReadByte", but reads from the second group of eight GPIO pins.

head1 AUTHOR

Steve Bertrand, <steveb@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.18.2 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.

1 POD Error

The following errors were encountered while parsing the POD:

Around line 873:: Non-ASCII character seen before =encoding in '5×8,'. Assuming UTF-8

To install WiringPi::API, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm WiringPi::API

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install WiringPi::API

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

EXPORT_OK

EXPORT_TAGS

:wiringPi

:perl

:all

FUNCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

CORE

BOARD

LCD

SOFTWARE PWM

INTERRUPT

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

SHIFT REGISTER

SPI

BAROMETRIC SENSOR

CORE FUNCTIONS

new()

setup()

setup_gpio()

setup_phys()

setup_sys()

pin_mode($pin, $mode)

read_pin($pin);

write_pin($pin, $state)

analog_read($pin);

analog_write($pin, $value)

pull_up_down($pin, $direction)

pwm_write($pin, $value)

get_alt($pin)

BOARD FUNCTIONS

gpio_layout()

wpi_to_gpio($pin_num)

phys_to_gpio($pin_num)

phys_to_wpi($pin_num)

pwm_set_range($range);

LCD FUNCTIONS

lcd_init(%args)

lcd_home($fd)

lcd_clear($fd)

lcd_display($fd, $state)

lcd_cursor($fd, $state)

lcd_cursor_blink($fd, $state)

lcd_send_cmd($fd, $command)

lcd_position($fd, $x, $y)

lcd_char_def($fd, $index, $data)

lcd_put_char($fd, $char)

lcd_puts($fd, $string)

SOFT PWM FUNCTIONS

soft_pwm_create($pin, $initial_value, $range)

soft_pwm_write($pin, $value)

soft_pwm_stop($pin)

INTERRUPT FUNCTIONS

set_interrupt($pin, $edge, $callback)

ADC FUNCTIONS

ADS1115 MODEL

ads1115_setup($pin_base, $addr)

SHIFT REGISTER FUNCTIONS

shift_reg_setup

SPI FUNCTIONS

spi_setup

spi_data

BMP180 PRESSURE SENSOR FUNCTIONS

bmp180_setup($pin_base)

bmp180_temp($pin, $want)

bmp180_pressure($pin)

DEVELOPER FUNCTIONS

pseudoPinsSetup(int pinBase)

pinModeAlt(int pin, int mode)

digitalWriteByte(const int value)

digitalWriteByte2(const int value)

digitalReadByte()

digitalReadByte2()

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Module Install Instructions