NAME

Variable::Magic - Associate user-defined magic to variables from Perl.

VERSION

Version 0.48

SYNOPSIS

use Variable::Magic qw<wizard cast VMG_OP_INFO_NAME>;

{ # A variable tracer
 my $wiz = wizard(
  set  => sub { print "now set to ${$_[0]}!\n" },
  free => sub { print "destroyed!\n" },
 );

 my $a = 1;
 cast $a, $wiz;
 $a = 2;        # "now set to 2!"
}               # "destroyed!"

{ # A hash with a default value
 my $wiz = wizard(
  data     => sub { $_[1] },
  fetch    => sub { $_[2] = $_[1] unless exists $_[0]->{$_[2]}; () },
  store    => sub { print "key $_[2] stored in $_[-1]\n" },
  copy_key => 1,
  op_info  => VMG_OP_INFO_NAME,
 );

 my %h = (_default => 0, apple => 2);
 cast %h, $wiz, '_default';
 print $h{banana}, "\n"; # "0" (there is no 'banana' key in %h)
 $h{pear} = 1;           # "key pear stored in helem"
}

DESCRIPTION

Magic is Perl's way of enhancing variables. This mechanism lets the user add extra data to any variable and hook syntactical operations (such as access, assignment or destruction) that can be applied to it. With this module, you can add your own magic to any variable without having to write a single line of XS.

You'll realize that these magic variables look a lot like tied variables. It's not surprising, as tied variables are implemented as a special kind of magic, just like any 'irregular' Perl variable : scalars like $!, $( or $^W, the %ENV and %SIG hashes, the @ISA array, vec() and substr() lvalues, threads::shared variables... They all share the same underlying C API, and this module gives you direct access to it.

Still, the magic made available by this module differs from tieing and overloading in several ways :

It isn't copied on assignment.

You attach it to variables, not values (as for blessed references).
It doesn't replace the original semantics.

Magic callbacks usually get triggered before the original action takes place, and can't prevent it from happening. This also makes catching individual events easier than with tie, where you have to provide fallbacks methods for all actions by usually inheriting from the correct Tie::Std* class and overriding individual methods in your own class.
It's type-agnostic.

The same magic can be applied on scalars, arrays, hashes, subs or globs. But the same hook (see below for a list) may trigger differently depending on the the type of the variable.
It's mostly invisible at the Perl level.

Magical and non-magical variables cannot be distinguished with ref, tied or another trick.
It's notably faster.

Mainly because perl's way of handling magic is lighter by nature, and because there's no need for any method resolution. Also, since you don't have to reimplement all the variable semantics, you only pay for what you actually use.

The operations that can be overloaded are :

get

This magic is invoked when the variable is evaluated. It is never called for arrays and hashes.
set

This one is triggered each time the value of the variable changes. It is called for array subscripts and slices, but never for hashes.
len

This magic is a little special : it is called when the 'size' or the 'length' of the variable has to be known by Perl. Typically, it's the magic involved when an array is evaluated in scalar context, but also on array assignment and loops (for, map or grep). The callback has then to return the length as an integer.
clear

This magic is invoked when the variable is reset, such as when an array is emptied. Please note that this is different from undefining the variable, even though the magic is called when the clearing is a result of the undefine (e.g. for an array, but actually a bug prevent it to work before perl 5.9.5 - see the history).
free

This one can be considered as an object destructor. It happens when the variable goes out of scope, but not when it is undefined.
copy

This magic only applies to tied arrays and hashes. It fires when you try to access or change their elements. It is available on your perl iff MGf_COPY is true.
dup

Invoked when the variable is cloned across threads. Currently not available.
local

When this magic is set on a variable, all subsequent localizations of the variable will trigger the callback. It is available on your perl iff MGf_LOCAL is true.

The following actions only apply to hashes and are available iff "VMG_UVAR" is true. They are referred to as uvar magics.

fetch

This magic happens each time an element is fetched from the hash.
store

This one is called when an element is stored into the hash.
exists

This magic fires when a key is tested for existence in the hash.
delete

This last one triggers when a key is deleted in the hash, regardless of whether the key actually exists in it.

You can refer to the tests to have more insight of where the different magics are invoked.

FUNCTIONS

`wizard`

wizard(
 data     => sub { ... },
 get      => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 set      => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 len      => sub {
  my ($ref, $data, $len [, $op]) = @_; ... ; return $newlen
 },
 clear    => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 free     => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_, ... },
 copy     => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key, $elt [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 local    => sub { my ($ref, $data [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 fetch    => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 store    => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 exists   => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 delete   => sub { my ($ref, $data, $key [, $op]) = @_; ... },
 copy_key => $bool,
 op_info  => [ 0 | VMG_OP_INFO_NAME | VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT ],
)

This function creates a 'wizard', an opaque type that holds the magic information. It takes a list of keys / values as argument, whose keys can be :

data

A code (or string) reference to a private data constructor. It is called each time this magic is cast on a variable, and the scalar returned is used as private data storage for it. $_[0] is a reference to the magic object and @_[1 .. @_-1] are all extra arguments that were passed to "cast".
get, set, len, clear, free, copy, local, fetch, store, exists and delete

Code (or string) references to the corresponding magic callbacks. You don't have to specify all of them : the magic associated with undefined entries simply won't be hooked. In those callbacks, $_[0] is always a reference to the magic object and $_[1] is always the private data (or undef when no private data constructor was supplied).

Moreover, when you pass op_info => $num to wizard, the last element of @_ will be the current op name if $num == VMG_OP_INFO_NAME and a B::OP object representing the current op if $num == VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT. Both have a performance hit, but just getting the name is lighter than getting the op object.

Other arguments are specific to the magic hooked :
- len
  
  When the variable is an array or a scalar, $_[2] contains the non-magical length. The callback can return the new scalar or array length to use, or undef to default to the normal length.
- copy
  
  $_[2] is a either a copy or an alias of the current key, which means that it is useless to try to change or cast magic on it. $_[3] is an alias to the current element (i.e. the value).
- fetch, store, exists and delete
  
  $_[2] is an alias to the current key. Nothing prevents you from changing it, but be aware that there lurk dangerous side effects. For example, it may rightfully be readonly if the key was a bareword. You can get a copy instead by passing copy_key => 1 to "wizard", which allows you to safely assign to $_[2] in order to e.g. redirect the action to another key. This however has a little performance drawback because of the copy.
All the callbacks are expected to return an integer, which is passed straight to the perl magic API. However, only the return value of the len callback currently holds a meaning.

Each callback can be specified as :

a code reference, which will be called as a subroutine.
a string reference, where the string denotes which subroutine is to be called when magic is triggered. If the subroutine name is not fully qualified, then the current package at the time the magic is invoked will be used instead.
a reference to undef, in which case a no-op magic callback is installed instead of the default one. This may especially be helpful for 'local' magic, where an empty callback prevents magic from being copied during localization.

Note that free callbacks are never called during global destruction, as there's no way to ensure that the wizard and the free callback weren't destroyed before the variable.

Here's a simple usage example :

# A simple scalar tracer
my $wiz = wizard(
 get  => sub { print STDERR "got ${$_[0]}\n" },
 set  => sub { print STDERR "set to ${$_[0]}\n" },
 free => sub { print STDERR "${$_[0]} was deleted\n" },
);

`cast`

cast [$@%&*]var, $wiz, ...

This function associates $wiz magic to the variable supplied, without overwriting any other kind of magic. It returns true on success or when $wiz magic is already present, and croaks on error. All extra arguments specified after $wiz are passed to the private data constructor in @_[1 .. @_-1]. If the variable isn't a hash, any uvar callback of the wizard is safely ignored.

# Casts $wiz onto $x, and pass '1' to the data constructor.
my $x;
cast $x, $wiz, 1;

The var argument can be an array or hash value. Magic for those behaves like for any other scalar, except that it is dispelled when the entry is deleted from the container. For example, if you want to call POSIX::tzset each time the 'TZ' environment variable is changed in %ENV, you can use :

use POSIX;
cast $ENV{TZ}, wizard set => sub { POSIX::tzset(); () };

If you want to overcome the possible deletion of the 'TZ' entry, you have no choice but to rely on store uvar magic.

`getdata`

getdata [$@%&*]var, $wiz

This accessor fetches the private data associated with the magic $wiz in the variable. It croaks when $wiz do not represent a valid magic object, and returns an empty list if no such magic is attached to the variable or when the wizard has no data constructor.

# Get the attached data, or undef if the wizard does not attach any.
my $data = getdata $x, $wiz;

`dispell`

dispell [$@%&*]variable, $wiz

The exact opposite of "cast" : it dissociates $wiz magic from the variable. This function returns true on success, 0 when no magic represented by $wiz could be found in the variable, and croaks if the supplied wizard is invalid.

# Dispell now.
die 'no such magic in $x' unless dispell $x, $wiz;

CONSTANTS

`MGf_COPY`

Evaluates to true iff the 'copy' magic is available.

`MGf_DUP`

Evaluates to true iff the 'dup' magic is available.

`MGf_LOCAL`

Evaluates to true iff the 'local' magic is available.

`VMG_UVAR`

When this constant is true, you can use the fetch,store,exists,delete callbacks on hashes. Initial VMG_UVAR capability was introduced in perl 5.9.5, with a fully functional implementation shipped with perl 5.10.0.

`VMG_COMPAT_SCALAR_LENGTH_NOLEN`

True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when taking the length of a magical scalar.

`VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_PUSH_NOLEN`

True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when you push an element in a magical array. Starting from perl 5.11.0, this only refers to pushes in non-void context and hence is false.

`VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_PUSH_NOLEN_VOID`

True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when you push in void context an element in a magical array.

`VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_UNSHIFT_NOLEN_VOID`

True for perls that don't call 'len' magic when you unshift in void context an element in a magical array.

`VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_UNDEF_CLEAR`

True for perls that call 'clear' magic when undefining magical arrays.

`VMG_COMPAT_HASH_DELETE_NOUVAR_VOID`

True for perls that don't call 'delete' uvar magic when you delete an element from a hash in void context.

`VMG_COMPAT_GLOB_GET`

True for perls that call 'get' magic for operations on globs.

`VMG_PERL_PATCHLEVEL`

The perl patchlevel this module was built with, or 0 for non-debugging perls.

`VMG_THREADSAFE`

True iff this module could have been built with thread-safety features enabled.

`VMG_FORKSAFE`

True iff this module could have been built with fork-safety features enabled. This will always be true except on Windows where it's false for perl 5.10.0 and below .

`VMG_OP_INFO_NAME`

Value to pass with op_info to get the current op name in the magic callbacks.

`VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT`

Value to pass with op_info to get a B::OP object representing the current op in the magic callbacks.

COOKBOOK

Associate an object to any perl variable

This technique can be useful for passing user data through limited APIs. It is similar to using inside-out objects, but without the drawback of having to implement a complex destructor.

{
 package Magical::UserData;

 use Variable::Magic qw<wizard cast getdata>;

 my $wiz = wizard data => sub { \$_[1] };

 sub ud (\[$@%*&]) : lvalue {
  my ($var) = @_;
  my $data = &getdata($var, $wiz);
  unless (defined $data) {
   $data = \(my $slot);
   &cast($var, $wiz, $slot)
             or die "Couldn't cast UserData magic onto the variable";
  }
  $$data;
 }
}

{
 BEGIN { *ud = \&Magical::UserData::ud }

 my $cb;
 $cb = sub { print 'Hello, ', ud(&$cb), "!\n" };

 ud(&$cb) = 'world';
 $cb->(); # Hello, world!
}

Recursively cast magic on datastructures

cast can be called from any magical callback, and in particular from data. This allows you to recursively cast magic on datastructures :

my $wiz;
$wiz = wizard data => sub {
 my ($var, $depth) = @_;
 $depth ||= 0;
 my $r = ref $var;
 if ($r eq 'ARRAY') {
  &cast((ref() ? $_ : \$_), $wiz, $depth + 1) for @$var;
 } elsif ($r eq 'HASH') {
  &cast((ref() ? $_ : \$_), $wiz, $depth + 1) for values %$var;
 }
 return $depth;
},
free => sub {
 my ($var, $depth) = @_;
 my $r = ref $var;
 print "free $r at depth $depth\n";
 ();
};

{
 my %h = (
  a => [ 1, 2 ],
  b => { c => 3 }
 );
 cast %h, $wiz;
}

When %h goes out of scope, this will print something among the lines of :

free HASH at depth 0
free HASH at depth 1
free SCALAR at depth 2
free ARRAY at depth 1
free SCALAR at depth 3
free SCALAR at depth 3

Of course, this example does nothing with the values that are added after the cast.

PERL MAGIC HISTORY

The places where magic is invoked have changed a bit through perl history. Here's a little list of the most recent ones.

5.6.x

p14416 : 'copy' and 'dup' magic.
5.8.9

p28160 : Integration of p25854 (see below).

p32542 : Integration of p31473 (see below).
5.9.3

p25854 : 'len' magic is no longer called when pushing an element into a magic array.

p26569 : 'local' magic.
5.9.5

p31064 : Meaningful 'uvar' magic.

p31473 : 'clear' magic wasn't invoked when undefining an array. The bug is fixed as of this version.
5.10.0

Since PERL_MAGIC_uvar is uppercased, hv_magic_check() triggers 'copy' magic on hash stores for (non-tied) hashes that also have 'uvar' magic.
5.11.x

p32969 : 'len' magic is no longer invoked when calling length with a magical scalar.

p34908 : 'len' magic is no longer called when pushing / unshifting an element into a magical array in void context. The push part was already covered by p25854.

g9cdcb38b : 'len' magic is called again when pushing into a magical array in non-void context.

EXPORT

The functions "wizard", "cast", "getdata" and "dispell" are only exported on request. All of them are exported by the tags ':funcs' and ':all'.

All the constants are also only exported on request, either individually or by the tags ':consts' and ':all'.

CAVEATS

If you store a magic object in the private data slot, the magic won't be accessible by "getdata" since it's not copied by assignment. The only way to address this would be to return a reference.

If you define a wizard with a free callback and cast it on itself, this destructor won't be called because the wizard will be destroyed first.

In order to define magic on hash members, you need at least perl 5.10.0 (see "VMG_UVAR")

DEPENDENCIES

perl 5.8.

A C compiler. This module may happen to build with a C++ compiler as well, but don't rely on it, as no guarantee is made in this regard.

Carp (standard since perl 5), XSLoader (standard since perl 5.006).

Copy tests need Tie::Array (standard since perl 5.005) and Tie::Hash (since 5.002).

Some uvar tests need Hash::Util::FieldHash (standard since perl 5.009004).

Glob tests need Symbol (standard since perl 5.002).

Threads tests need threads and threads::shared.

AUTHOR

Vincent Pit, <perl at profvince.com>, http://www.profvince.com.

You can contact me by mail or on irc.perl.org (vincent).

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to bug-variable-magic at rt.cpan.org, or through the web interface at http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Variable-Magic. I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.

SUPPORT

You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.

perldoc Variable::Magic

Tests code coverage report is available at http://www.profvince.com/perl/cover/Variable-Magic.

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

To install Variable::Magic, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Variable::Magic

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Variable::Magic

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

VERSION

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

FUNCTIONS

wizard

cast

getdata

dispell

CONSTANTS

MGf_COPY

MGf_DUP

MGf_LOCAL

VMG_UVAR

VMG_COMPAT_SCALAR_LENGTH_NOLEN

VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_PUSH_NOLEN

VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_PUSH_NOLEN_VOID

VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_UNSHIFT_NOLEN_VOID

VMG_COMPAT_ARRAY_UNDEF_CLEAR

VMG_COMPAT_HASH_DELETE_NOUVAR_VOID

VMG_COMPAT_GLOB_GET

VMG_PERL_PATCHLEVEL

VMG_THREADSAFE

VMG_FORKSAFE

VMG_OP_INFO_NAME

VMG_OP_INFO_OBJECT