/ 
Moose-2.1100-TRIAL
River stage four • 2934 direct dependents • 4029 total dependents
/ Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Labeled_AttributeTrait

NAME

Moose::Cookbook::Meta::Labeled_AttributeTrait - Labels implemented via attribute traits

VERSION

version 2.1100

SYNOPSIS

package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Trait::Labeled;
use Moose::Role;
Moose::Util::meta_attribute_alias('Labeled');

has label => (
    is        => 'rw',
    isa       => 'Str',
    predicate => 'has_label',
);

package MyApp::Website;
use Moose;

has url => (
    traits => [qw/Labeled/],
    is     => 'rw',
    isa    => 'Str',
    label  => "The site's URL",
);

has name => (
    is  => 'rw',
    isa => 'Str',
);

sub dump {
    my $self = shift;

    my $meta = $self->meta;

    my $dump = '';

    for my $attribute ( map { $meta->get_attribute($_) }
        sort $meta->get_attribute_list ) {

        if (   $attribute->does('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Trait::Labeled')
            && $attribute->has_label ) {
            $dump .= $attribute->label;
        }
        else {
            $dump .= $attribute->name;
        }

        my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
        $dump .= ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
    }

    return $dump;
}

package main;

my $app = MyApp::Website->new( url => "http://google.com", name => "Google" );

SUMMARY

In this recipe, we begin to delve into the wonder of meta-programming. Some readers may scoff and claim that this is the arena of only the most twisted Moose developers. Absolutely not! Any sufficiently twisted developer can benefit greatly from going more meta.

Our goal is to allow each attribute to have a human-readable "label" attached to it. Such labels would be used when showing data to an end user. In this recipe we label the url attribute with "The site's URL" and create a simple method showing how to use that label.

META-ATTRIBUTE OBJECTS

All the attributes of a Moose-based object are actually objects themselves. These objects have methods and attributes. Let's look at a concrete example.

has 'x' => ( isa => 'Int', is => 'ro' );
has 'y' => ( isa => 'Int', is => 'rw' );

Internally, the metaclass for Point has two Moose::Meta::Attribute objects. There are several methods for getting meta-attributes out of a metaclass, one of which is get_attribute_list. This method is called on the metaclass object.

The get_attribute_list method returns a list of attribute names. You can then use get_attribute to get the Moose::Meta::Attribute object itself.

Once you have this meta-attribute object, you can call methods on it like this:

print $point->meta->get_attribute('x')->type_constraint;
   => Int

To add a label to our attributes there are two steps. First, we need a new attribute metaclass trait that can store a label for an attribute. Second, we need to apply that trait to our attributes.

TRAITS

Roles that apply to metaclasses have a special name: traits. Don't let the change in nomenclature fool you, traits are just roles.

"has" in Moose allows you to pass a traits parameter for an attribute. This parameter takes a list of trait names which are composed into an anonymous metaclass, and that anonymous metaclass is used for the attribute.

Yes, we still have lots of metaclasses in the background, but they're managed by Moose for you.

Traits can do anything roles can do. They can add or refine attributes, wrap methods, provide more methods, define an interface, etc. The only difference is that you're now changing the attribute metaclass instead of a user-level class.

DISSECTION

We start by creating a package for our trait.

package MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Trait::Labeled;
use Moose::Role;

has label => (
    is        => 'rw',
    isa       => 'Str',
    predicate => 'has_label',
);

You can see that a trait is just a Moose::Role. In this case, our role contains a single attribute, label. Any attribute which does this trait will now have a label.

We also register our trait with Moose:

Moose::Util::meta_attribute_alias('Labeled');

This allows Moose to find our trait by the short name Labeled when passed to the traits attribute option, rather than requiring the full package name to be specified.

Finally, we pass our trait when defining an attribute:

has url => (
    traits => [qw/Labeled/],
    is     => 'rw',
    isa    => 'Str',
    label  => "The site's URL",
);

The traits parameter contains a list of trait names. Moose will build an anonymous attribute metaclass from these traits and use it for this attribute.

The reason that we can pass the name Labeled, instead of MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Trait::Labeled, is because of the register_implementation code we touched on previously.

When you pass a metaclass to has, it will take the name you provide and prefix it with Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Trait::. Then it calls register_implementation in the package. In this case, that means Moose ends up calling Moose::Meta::Attribute::Custom::Trait::Labeled::register_implementation.

If this function exists, it should return the real trait's package name. This is exactly what our code does, returning MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Trait::Labeled. This is a little convoluted, and if you don't like it, you can always use the fully-qualified name.

We can access this meta-attribute and its label like this:

$website->meta->get_attribute('url')->label()

MyApp::Website->meta->get_attribute('url')->label()

We also have a regular attribute, name:

has name => (
    is  => 'rw',
    isa => 'Str',
);

Finally, we have a dump method, which creates a human-readable representation of a MyApp::Website object. It will use an attribute's label if it has one.

sub dump {
    my $self = shift;

    my $meta = $self->meta;

    my $dump = '';

    for my $attribute ( map { $meta->get_attribute($_) }
        sort $meta->get_attribute_list ) {

        if (   $attribute->does('MyApp::Meta::Attribute::Trait::Labeled')
            && $attribute->has_label ) {
            $dump .= $attribute->label;
        }

This is a bit of defensive code. We cannot depend on every meta-attribute having a label. Even if we define one for every attribute in our class, a subclass may neglect to do so. Or a superclass could add an attribute without a label.

We also check that the attribute has a label using the predicate we defined. We could instead make the label required. If we have a label, we use it, otherwise we use the attribute name:

        else {
            $dump .= $attribute->name;
        }

        my $reader = $attribute->get_read_method;
        $dump .= ": " . $self->$reader . "\n";
    }

    return $dump;
}

The get_read_method is part of the Moose::Meta::Attribute API. It returns the name of a method that can read the attribute's value, when called on the real object (don't call this on the meta-attribute).

CONCLUSION

You might wonder why you'd bother with all this. You could just hardcode "The Site's URL" in the dump method. But we want to avoid repetition. If you need the label once, you may need it elsewhere, maybe in the as_form method you write next.

Associating a label with an attribute just makes sense! The label is a piece of information about the attribute.

It's also important to realize that this was a trivial example. You can make much more powerful metaclasses that do things, as opposed to just storing some more information. For example, you could implement a metaclass that expires attributes after a certain amount of time:

has site_cache => (
    traits        => ['TimedExpiry'],
    expires_after => { hours => 1 },
    refresh_with  => sub { get( $_[0]->url ) },
    isa           => 'Str',
    is            => 'ro',
);

The sky's the limit!

AUTHORS

  • Stevan Little <stevan.little@iinteractive.com>

  • Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>

  • Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>

  • Shawn M Moore <code@sartak.org>

  • Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>

  • Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

  • Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>

  • Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@weftsoar.net>

  • Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>

  • Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Infinity Interactive, Inc..

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.