/ 
Moose-2.1301-TRIAL
River stage four • 2950 direct dependents • 4061 total dependents
/ Moose::Spec::Role

NAME

Moose::Spec::Role - Formal spec for Role behavior

VERSION

version 2.1301

DESCRIPTION

NOTE: This document is currently incomplete.

Components of a Role

Excluded Roles

A role can have a list of excluded roles, these are basically roles that they shouldn't be composed with. This is not just direct composition either, but also "inherited" composition.

This feature was taken from the Fortress language and is really of most use when building a large set of role "building blocks" some of which should never be used together.

Attributes

A roles attributes are similar to those of a class, except that they are not actually applied. This means that methods that are generated by an attributes accessor will not be generated in the role, but only created once the role is applied to a class.

Methods

These are the methods defined within the role. Simple as that.

Required Methods

A role can require a consuming class (or role) to provide a given method. Failure to do so for classes is a fatal error, while for roles it simply passes on the method requirement to the consuming role.

Required Attributes

Just as a role can require methods, it can also require attributes. The requirement fulfilling attribute must implement at least as much as is required. That means, for instance, that if the role requires that the attribute be read-only, then it must at least have a reader and can also have a writer. It means that if the role requires that the attribute be an ArrayRef, then it must either be an ArrayRef or a subtype of an ArrayRef.

Overridden Methods

The override and super keywords are allowed in roles, but their behavior is different from that of its class counterparts. The super in a class refers directly to that class's superclass, while the super in a role is deferred and only has meaning once the role is composed into a class. Once that composition occurs, super then refers to that class's superclass.

It is key to remember that roles do not have hierarchy, so they can never have a super role.

Method Modifiers

These are the before, around and after modifiers provided in Moose classes. The difference here is that the modifiers are not actually applied until the role is composed into a class (this is just like attributes and the override keyword).

Role Composition

Composing into a Class

Excluded Roles
Required Methods
Required Attributes
Attributes
Methods
Overridden methods
Method Modifiers (before, around, after)

Composing into a Instance

Composing into a Role

Excluded Roles
Required Methods
Required Attributes
Attributes
Methods
Overridden methods
Method Modifiers (before, around, after)

Role Summation

When multiple roles are added to another role (using the with @roles keyword) the roles are composed symmetrically. The product of the composition is a composite role (Moose::Meta::Role::Composite).

Excluded Roles
Required Methods
Required Attributes
Attributes

Attributes with the same name will conflict and are considered a unrecoverable error. No other aspect of the attribute is examined, it is enough that just the attribute names conflict.

The reason for such early and harsh conflicts with attributes is because there is so much room for variance between two attributes that the problem quickly explodes and rules get very complex. It is my opinion that this complexity is not worth the trouble.

Methods

Methods with the same name will conflict, but no error is thrown, instead the method name is added to the list of required methods for the new composite role.

To look at this in terms of set theory, each role can be said to have a set of methods. The symmetric difference of these two sets is the new set of methods for the composite role, while the intersection of these two sets are the conflicts. This can be illustrated like so:

Role A has method set { a, b, c }
Role B has method set { c, d, e }

The composite role (A,B) has
    method   set { a, b, d, e }
    conflict set { c }
Overridden methods

An overridden method can conflict in one of two ways.

The first way is with another overridden method of the same name, and this is considered an unrecoverable error. This is an obvious error since you cannot override a method twice in the same class.

The second way for conflict is for an overridden method and a regular method to have the same name. This is also an unrecoverable error since there is no way to combine these two, nor is it okay for both items to be composed into a single class at some point.

The use of override in roles can be tricky, but if used carefully they can be a very powerful tool.

Method Modifiers (before, around, after)

Method modifiers are the only place where the ordering of role composition matters. This is due to the nature of method modifiers themselves.

Since a method can have multiple method modifiers, these are just collected in order to be later applied to the class in that same order.

In general, great care should be taken in using method modifiers in roles. The order sensitivity can possibly lead to subtle and difficult to find bugs if they are overused. As with all good things in life, moderation is the key.

Composition Edge Cases

This is a just a set of complex edge cases which can easily get confused. This attempts to clarify those cases and provide an explanation of what is going on in them.

Role Method Overriding

Many people want to "override" methods in roles they are consuming. This works fine for classes, since the local class method is favored over the role method. However in roles it is trickier, this is because conflicts result in neither method being chosen and the method being "required" instead.

Here is an example of this (incorrect) type of overriding.

package Role::Foo;
use Moose::Role;

sub foo { ... }

package Role::FooBar;
use Moose::Role;

with 'Role::Foo';

sub foo { ... }
sub bar { ... }

Here the foo methods conflict and the Role::FooBar now requires a class or role consuming it to implement foo. This is very often not what the user wants.

Now here is an example of the (correct) type of overriding, only it is not overriding at all, as is explained in the text below.

package Role::Foo;
use Moose::Role;

sub foo { ... }

package Role::Bar;
use Moose::Role;

sub foo { ... }
sub bar { ... }

package Role::FooBar;
use Moose::Role;

with 'Role::Foo', 'Role::Bar';

sub foo { ... }

This works because the combination of Role::Foo and Role::Bar produce a conflict with the foo method. This conflict results in the composite role (that was created by the combination of Role::Foo and Role::Bar using the with keyword) having a method requirement of foo. The Role::FooBar then fulfills this requirement.

It is important to note that Role::FooBar is simply fulfilling the required foo method, and **NOT** overriding foo. This is an important distinction to make.

Now here is another example of a (correct) type of overriding, this time using the excludes option.

package Role::Foo;
use Moose::Role;

sub foo { ... }

package Role::FooBar;
use Moose::Role;

with 'Role::Foo' => { -excludes => 'foo' };

sub foo { ... }
sub bar { ... }

By specifically excluding the foo method during composition, we allow Role::FooBar to define its own version of foo.

SEE ALSO

Traits

Roles are based on Traits, which originated in the Smalltalk community.

http://www.iam.unibe.ch/~scg/Research/Traits/

This is the main site for the original Traits papers.

Class::Trait

I created this implementation of traits several years ago, after reading the papers linked above. (This module is now maintained by Ovid and I am no longer involved with it).

Roles

Since they are relatively new, and the Moose implementation is probably the most mature out there, roles don't have much to link to. However, here is some bits worth looking at (mostly related to Perl 6)

http://www.oreillynet.com/onlamp/blog/2006/08/roles_composable_units_of_obje.html

This is chromatic's take on roles, which is worth reading since he was/is one of the big proponents of them.

http://svn.perl.org/perl6/doc/trunk/design/syn/S12.pod

This is Synopsis 12, which is all about the Perl 6 Object System. Which, of course, includes roles.

AUTHORS

  • Stevan Little <stevan.little@iinteractive.com>

  • Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>

  • Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>

  • Shawn M Moore <code@sartak.org>

  • יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>

  • Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

  • Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>

  • Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@weftsoar.net>

  • Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>

  • Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This software is copyright (c) 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc..

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.